South African Food Security And The Lack Of Transport Systems Essays

South African Food Security And The Lack Of Transport Systems Transport. Strategy 402 3/27/00 South African Food Security and the absence of Transport Systems Horticulture is frequently a significant piece of any nations' economy. It not just fills in as a methods for taking care of the countries' kin, yet in addition may fill in as a brilliant fare to different nations. We are for the most part acquainted with Florida Oranges, Idaho Potatoes, and even Wisconsin Cheese. These have gotten well known for their exceptional taste or maybe just attractiveness, which is a significant procedure of groceries close to the transportation frameworks. For instance, in light of the fact that our own in the U.S. are forward-thinking, it permits us to get certain yields, for example, rice from Japan in a convenient, minimal effort way. Nonetheless, in the SADC (Southern African Development Council) it isn't so natural. All through this paper we will investigate why that is from past to introduce, characterize farming turn of events and offer reasons why a satisfactory vehicle framework is important. African farming advancement history can be separated into four periods: Pre-pilgrim, pioneer, post-frontier and present day. There is similitudes and contrasts between these periods that may offer some understanding to how Africa developed into the circumstances they currently face. Horticulture right now was characterized by means cultivating and moving development because of a marsh populace. All food or most was developed for utilization by ranchers and other people who lived close by and was straightforwardly connected to sustenance. As of now transport frameworks were for all intents and purposes superfluous. Farming during the provincial time frame, 1880 to mid 1960, was radically modified and abandoned acting naturally adequate to very nearly starvation. Colonization forced the cultivating of money crops alongside a few market and duty arrangements. This isolated agribusiness structure sustenance, the foundation of African cultivating. The land should have been under steady development, as opposed to occasional which was another way the Europeans abused the Africans. Transport frameworks as of now were intended to have crude materials traded from seaside territories and import made products. Before the appearance of the 1960's a couple of nations became autonomous indeed and hurried to get industrialized so as to stay aware of the cutting edge world. In any case, the economy kept on enduring on the grounds that the agrarian produce sold regularly didn't restore its real worth. The ?elites? were like the Euro rule and supported imported products to fulfill cravings instead of agribusiness, which became seen as disparaging and in reverse. In any case, the transportation needs had not been met. The streets alongside the materials and to manufacture them were totally deficient and now and again have accomplished more mischief than anything. Agribusiness is Africa's most significant segment. Roughly 35% of GDP, 40% of fares and 75% of business is represented through horticulture. Nonetheless, information gives us that somewhere in the range of 1981 and 1992 for each capita farming creation in SADC nations declined. Populace has grown out of creation and land use and again postponed the appearance for insufficient vehicle frameworks. A proper definition for ?insufficient? transport frameworks could be characterized as: endeavoring to limit the expense of contributions at the agrarian venture and cost of contributions at the conveyance by bringing down expenses of genuinely moving information sources and yields to amplify time utility. Street transportation is by a wide margin the most significant technique for transportation. It likewise assumes a huge job in the economy, yet additionally social improvement of an area. Directly, very little has changed in the region of provincial vehicle frameworks. Expenses of sources of info are higher because of the expense of conveyance. This likewise makes it hard to move transient things out in a fast enough way. When a helpful vehicle framework is shaped and placed without hesitation the SADC area might have the option to set up an a dependable balance and develop over into independence. Expanding the accessibility of food at the family level is the principal objective in accomplishing food security. When this happens and transportation techniques should rise. In the event that an arrangement can be created to reestablish the conventional vehicle courses of landlocked nations it is critical to the improvement of transport frameworks. As a rule, the briefest course is the least expensive course and when utilized the versatility of food will set up food security and a diminishing in the expense of sending out merchandise.

Quotation Marks The Right Way to Use Punctuation Inside of Quotes

Quotation Marks The Right Way to Use Punctuation Inside of Quotes Quotation marks ( ) are a beloved form of punctuation in the English language, used to indicate a verbatim report on what someone said, and used in a great deal of business writing. They are often misused. This article will explain some punctuation rules and clear up some misconceptions held by many about proper usage of quotation marks with other punctuation marks. When to Put Periods and Commas Inside Quotes â€" The United States In the United States, commas and periods ALWAYS go INSIDE the quotation marks, whether or not the comma is actually part of the quotation. Here are some examples from some recent discussions on LinkedIn. Don’t expect this rule to be logical: CORRECT (in US): E.g. stands for “exempli gratia.” CORRECT (in US): As for [the phrase] “graduating college,” I’m not sure when it became correct. INCORRECT (in US): You are my “go-to person”. INCORRECT (in US): I was unaware of the difference [between initialisms and acronyms] until I heard it on the NPR program “A Way With Words”. INCORRECT (in US): “Its” is the possessive form of “it”, and is rare among possessives… When to Put Periods and Commas Inside Quotes â€" The UK Australia Leave logic to the Brits. In the UK and Australia, they keep punctuation inside the quotation marks only when it is part of the quotation. For example: CORRECT (in UK): I was unaware of the difference [between initialisms and acronyms] until I heard it on the NPR program “A Way With Words”. CORRECT (in UK): You are my “go-to person”. CORRECT (in UK): “Its” is the possessive form of “it”, and is rare among possessives… INCORRECT (In UK): E.g. stands for “exempli gratia.” INCORRECT (in UK): As for [the phrase] “graduating college,” I’m not sure when it became correct. When the Period or Comma is Part of the Quotation If the punctuation mark is part of the quotation, always put it inside the quotation marks! INCORRECT (everywhere): It is written, Man does not live by bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God. CORRECT (everywhere): It is written, Man does not live by bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God. Punctuating Letter Names Some grammarians say we should use the logical way of punctuating in the case of letters. For example: The eighth letter of the alphabet is “h”. Name three words that start with an “e”, and three that start with a “k”. I prefer to avoid this issue by italicizing the names of letters: The eighth letter of the alphabet is h. Name three words that start with an e, and three that start with a k. Exclamation Points and Question Marks When it comes to exclamation points and question marks, we all get to be logical. If the quote is a question or exclamation, include the punctuation inside the quotation marks. If it’s not, don’t. She asked, “Which way is it to the theater?” Did she say, “I absolutely love the theater, darling”? I’m so excited to see “In the Heights”! I get chills every time I hear King Richard declare, “Off with his head!” Semicolons and Colons Here’s some more good news: We get to be logical with semicolons and colons too! The following items go in the bin labeled “Paper Recycling”: magazines, newspapers, envelopes, and clean cardboard. Put magazines, newspapers, and envelopes in the bin labeled “Paper Recycling”; do not put paper towels, tissues, or greasy pizza boxes in there! (It’s so much fun to sneak a public service announcement into a grammar blog!) What if Im Canadian? All bets are off (or on, as the case may be), in Canada. Do it the way you think your readers will expect you to do it, or the way your editor requires you to do it. As far as I can tell, you get to choose unless under prescription by someone else. There are many more subtleties to the use of quotation marks. If you have questions, ask The Essay Expert. I’m happy to provide my most educated answer. If youre not already on our Grammar Writing Tips e-list and youd like more tips like this, sign up here.

Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Age - Free Essay Example

Ever since the digital age began intellectual property rights started to become more and more difficult to determine over time. Let along the fact that intellectual property rights were already difficult to handle in the first place before the digital age. To explain further I’ll first go into the features of an intellectual property and what it consists of. Firstly being, it is a form of intangible property. Which means it is something that you can you physically obtain. It is sort of a legal/written form of property. The second feature of it is that its existence is distinct from the physical articles or goods which contain the rights. Which means the rights are not tied to those physical items per say but the actual intellectual portion of it which are the legal terms. The third feature being, in some cases the rights are capable of existence and enforcement with no tangible form. And the fourth feature being, the various rights might subsist in the same things. For example, a document might be subject to patent, design rights and trademarks. A pictorial trademark might also be subject to copyright. Those four features are considered to be the core features of an intellectual property in the digital age. When it comes to the types of intellectual properties in the digital age. There are five main types. And these will be listed in the order of power/importance that they hold. They are patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and the right of publicity. And I will break down each one and how they link back to how they are handled in the digital age. Starting with trade secrets, we see that these hold great importance on a personal level when working within a company. Trade secrets are considered to be very valuable to any company, and not just for the trade secret itself, but for all the aspects that connect back to it. There are two main parts that make up a trade secret. The first part being is that a trade secret must be unique and proprietary and give one company an edge over another company’s product or process. It must also be a secret which is self-explanatory. The second part of it is that a company must do its best to protect the trade secret. Trade secrets must be protected to the best ability of the company or individual that owns the secret. And if that zip is ever threatened, the IP must be defended, or it will be lost. The second type of intellectual property is a patent. While it is similar to a trade secret, it is also different at the same time. Like a trade secret is comprised of two parts. The first part being a patent gives the right for the patent holder, and only the patent holder, to manufacture their product for a period of 20 years; once that time period ends anyone has the ability to go and create said product. The second part being when patents are filed, they must include the inventor’s detailed plans and be made publicly accessible. So that way it is visible for everyone’s record. The third type of intellectual property is a copyright. A copyright is the one legitimate insurance that is promptly offered to the maker once their work is in a substantial form. While a copyright is naturally allowed to a work like a book or program, it is up to the maker to guard their work. Copyrights dont need to be enlisted, however it is prescribed, particularly if the proprietor of the work will ever need to record a claim for it. The fourth type of intellectual property is the right of publicity. Which in common terms is often know as personality rights. It is right of a person to control the business utilization of his or her name, picture, similarity, or different parts of ones character. The fifth and final type of intellectual property is a trade mark. In order for something to become a trademark, it must be both utilized in business and it should likewise be unmistakable. When its acknowledged as a trademark, the proprietor has selective rights to it. When determining the rights of an intellectual property you have to look at the value of said property in order to properly determine its rights. For instance, most successful companies understand the inherent and actual value of the IP they’ve identified. In any case, there is another element who esteems that IP for various reasons. Countries inducing the United States don’t just have IP laws to protect their makes, but to also protect their creativity. When you look at and determine al of the types of intellectual property and laws, you then also have to determine who would be after your property and the reasoning behind said attack. Who is after you IP? 70% Individuals / Small Groups, 20% Criminal Organizations, 5% Cyber Terrorists, 4% State Sponsored, and 1% â€Å"Hacktivists.† (Easy Prey) Hackers/programmers can have diverse inspirations. A few, known as hacktivists, trust in social equity causes and can pool together people and assets to assault targets. Others attempt to hack into targets in order to see if they have the ability to do so. We come to the conclusion of how does one or a group protect their intellectual property? One thing that is recommended is that companies can attempt not to file patents. When it is not on file it is not known as much to the public. Another thing that can be done is that a company can attempt to safeguard their data with proper access control. What you would do is Store any and all company data in secure locations. That would not be known to the public. And a final thing that could be done on a smaller level is to avoid joint ownership in the creative process. When you have multiple owners, problems are created in the end. At the end it might be difficult to determine who is the rightful owner of the property. At the end of the day issues are increasing overtime when it comes to intellectual property rights in the current digital age. The issue that is at hand with this new digital Age is that there is an ever-growing amount of ways of something negative to happen to your IP. Which includes everything from Theft to Mishandling of key information. And Intellectual Property is the backbone of most products, services, and company’s and they need to constantly find new forms of protection in order for them to not lose their rights.

The IABPAD Conference Proceedings - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5453 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? ABSTRACT The management skills of supervisors and managers are detrimental when it comes to assessing how organizations are effectively run, especially during a time in history that is experiencing rapid change. The purpose of this study is to investigate which management skills contribute to effectiveness and efficiency of the workplace, and to which degree. It also aims to compare the correlation between manager efficiency and conceptual human and technical skills of those in the workplace. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The IABPAD Conference Proceedings" essay for you Create order The data was collected using a questionnaire which was obtained from municipal employees across Istanbul. A total of 194 questionnaires were handed out, however, 186 units were deemed valid. As a result of the analysis performed, human, conceptual and technical skills have proved to be proportionately effective to manager effectivenesswhen working in an environment. Such effectiveness and efficiency in the case of the manager is based on skills such as: communication, interpersonal skills, and the ability to motivate and encourage a team. The influence on the effectiveness that management may have on both the conceptual and technical skills of the workplace changes according to the level of the upper-management. This study has shown; under competition and particular uncertainty, it becomes increasingly difficult to achieve desired goals. The difficulty of this task is further heightened by a system of classical management based on protecting an organizations efficiency and maintaining the status quo. For managers to be part of operations and to be in effective communication with their employees, they must persuade and motivate their employees, and be able to provide organizational effectiveness. INTRODUCTION In todays global world, where changes drive forward every field, mankind has plunged into a quest to use available resources in the most effective and efficient way to create a difference. In addition to this, the only way to become successful and to compete with other organizations is to create that difference through the efficient use of resources (Koà §o?lu, 2010). This quick development and transformation requires and compels institutions to different pursuits in order to become successful. Assessments and change become necessary for a successful organization to result and in order to sustain competitiveness in a field of new pursuits and for possible improvement in any or all of the following areas: usage of resources, procurement of raw materials, technological development and efficiency in making use of opportunities. The focus of all efforts is on creating new opportunities and so the questionthen becomes how to manage and make use of such opportunities in the most rational way. Therefore, evaluation covers the contribution of organizational managers in the scope of an institutions success. People who deal with management and are responsible for the organizations management structure as well as functionality, are primarily the top managers of institutions. For organization to carry out its defined mission and remain competitive, the manage ment of organizations is examined in terms of operation and structure in order to perform manager analyses. This is why management concept has become the focus of debate in todays management organizations, and why skills and properties of managers have been put in the center of successful management discussions (Eren, 2001). The relationship between organizations efficiency and manager efficiency, manager efficiency and organizations effectiveness etc. subjects were emphasized in scope of literature works done until today, but no detailed work was carried out on the relationship between manager properties and manager efficiency. This work aims at carrying out a much more detailed study on manager efficiency and manager properties, and also public servants are taken as examples to add a different perspective. The aim is to make academic contributions to todays academic literature and managers, in addition to being a guide for future works. The purpose of this work is to put forward manager behaviors and properties to define the efficient manager and to study which manager properties and skills contribute to manager efficiency. In parallel with this purpose, the management and manager concepts are going to be discussed by examining the skills and properties of managers which must be owned by management organizations. MANAGER Manager is the person who is expected to be efficient and successful and who must carry out the arrangements that will ensure the institution reaches its purpose and targets. In other words the manager is the name of the person, who is expected to reach and achieve certain purposes by displaying administrative functions, regardless of the institutions structure or current position level. Erdo?an (2008) defines it as the person who is obliged to and responsible for managing efficiently and effectively, in order to make people who come together for a purpose be able to achieve that target harmoniously and cooperatively. According to an extensive definition the manager is the person who directs material and human production factors put under his command, to achieve determined purposes within a specific time, by considering the developments happening around, and who is responsible from the effectiveness of his owned resources (Koà §o?lu, 2010). Managers wrap themselves up in different manager styles based on their behaviors to their subordinates, their approaches to the job and the authorization transfer. Management can be seen as a pyramid with management organs that allow the establishment to achieve its set targets and get the job done by others. In this regard, management can be categorized into three stages. (Mucuk, 2008) Top Level Management Middle Level Management Low Level Management Top Level Management and Managers: These people are the ones with the highest authorization and power, who bear the responsibility for the whole establishment, who define establishments purpose, long-term policies and strategies, and who represent the establishment with the widest authority in the external environment (Mucuk, 2008). Middle Level Management and Managers: These people are the ones who work to realize the purposes determined by top management through focusing on application, and their human skills are in the foreground (Ataman, 2009). Low Level Management and Managers: These are the people who are responsible in the first degree from the workers who actually do the job in addition to technical, commercial or administrative personnel (Ataman, 2009). BASIC PROPERTIES AND SKILLS OF MANAGEMENT According to Tamer Koà §el (1989), management is a group of activities with three dimensions: technical, human and conceptual. Technical dimension is the managers functional specialty, human dimension is being able to influence people whom he works with, and conceptual dimension is a managers ability to see the organization as a whole. In parallel with technical, human and conceptual dimensions that constitute three individual aspects of management activities, management skills are examined in three categories such as Technical, Human Relations and Conceptual Skills (Mucuk, 2008). Manager skills classified in this way vary by management levels. It is known that management skills used based on management levels show differences. Conceptual skills are used much more by top level management while human skills are used more by middle level managers, while technical skills are more necessary for the administrator level. Human skills include skills of communication, coordination, motivation, directing and controlling. Technical skills include the skill to manage technical parts of the job, while the conceptual skills include planning, organization and decision-making. Technical Skills It is defined as the accumulation of knowledge about methods, processes, procedures, methods and key points to carry out specialized activities and skills to use tools and materials related to such activities (Yukl, 2004). Technical skill is the skill that include usage of various tools, methods and technologies to carry out organizational activities (Çetinkaya 2009). In this scope, special information, mastery, tactics and methods necessary to achieve a task, are all included under the topic of technical skills. Technical skills also require   information about products and services, organizational properties, properties of employees, management systems and rules along   with methods, processes and the equipment needed to complete the task at hand. Technical knowledge and skills are gained with formation, training and job experience while having a strong memory and being able to acquire new information one may need from various sources is also important (Yukl, 2004). Technical skills are more important for an organizations low level managers (Koà §o?lu, 2010). Human Skills (Relations) It is defined as the accumulation of knowledge about human behavior and interpersonal processes; the skill to understand the instincts (empathy, social sensitivity) that allows to understand feelings, behaviors and what other people are going to do and say; clear and active communication skills (fluent speech, persuasion skills); skill to establish active and cooperative relations (behaving according to environment, diplomacy, listening skills, accumulation of knowledge on acceptable social behaviors) (Yukl, 2004). Human skills are the skills that allow organizational purposes to be realized and that allow an individual expected job satisfaction (Çetinkaya, 2009). Relevant behaviors include information about group processes, being able to understand other peoples emotions, behaviors and instincts, and communicating with them in a clear and persuasive way. Empathy, social foresight, tactic, persuasiveness, diplomacy, oral communication skills, staying in a cooperative communication with the subordinates, superiors and counterparts are the properties owned by leaders having this skill. These kind of skills are important to influence people. Being able to listen to people without judging them is key to understand and evaluate them correctly (Yukl, 2004). In order to observe whether the human relations are used efficiently, we should examine the concepts of communication, coordination, directing, motivation, performance evaluation, control, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, social intelligence and emotional control. Conceptual Skills Conceptual skill is the skill to see the elements that constitute the organization as a whole (Çetinkaya, 2009). Conceptual or cognitive skills include subjects such as justice, creativeness, foresight, intuition and sense-making, in addition to basically including analytical skill, logical thinking, induction and deduction knowledge as well as conceptualization. Such skills are owned by top level managers. Active planning, organization, problem-solving, associating different departments of the organization with each other, strategic planning and analyzing the events etc. are examined under the title of conceptual skills. (Yukl, 2004). Conceptual skills gain more importance towards the upper levels as they include being able to see the organization as a whole, to coordinate and integrate the interests and activities of the organization and to see the relation between departments of the organization. Managers who carry out strategic planning have to use conceptual skills in their relations with the environment. (Koà §o?lu, 2010). Strong management skills are a basic necessity for an organization to survive in the world of competition where there is a need to track changes continuously. The leader-manager concept gained significance because of this necessity. Understanding people, systematic thinking, harmony between individual-organizational targets, increasing organizational loyalty of the employees and such leadership skills are important in increasing the financial sources of companies. However, the element that makes leadership more meaningful under the umbrella of organization is, forming a successful team spirit within the organization. Uniting employees with big targets they can achieve, developing strategies to reach those targets and motivating wage earners who are open to improvement with continuous training activities are indispensable points for a leader-manager in scope of forming the team spirit (Ãâ€"zdemir, 2009). MANAGER EFFICIENCY Manager structuring of organizations generally consist of 3 stages as low level managers, middle level managers and top level managers. Jobs and responsibilities of managers in these three categories are different. Their roles in the organization vary as the skills and abilities they need to become successful depend on their position. Each manager contributes and helps management function (planning, organization, directing and controlling) as required by their management level. Without naming their contributions as more important or less important among themselves, those who work in three management levels are the managers who define the efficiency of the other employees and therefore the organization. Regardless of their organization or level, the manager is the person who is expected to be efficient and effective on the employees in reaching the targets, by assuming the responsibility of one or more management functions. In order to become successful, the manager must be able to ma nage employee efforts and perceptions (Robbins and Coulter, 2005) (Erigà ¼Ãƒ § et al, 2009). Katz and Kahn efficiencies are defined as maximizing the organizational outputs in every possible way (economical, technological, political, etc). Gibson explains efficiency in three individual steps. The most basic level is the individual efficiency where the organizations members, all the employees, one by one are considered in scope of their performances. Jobs carried out by the individuals are parts of jobs and positions within the organization, therefore managers evaluate individuals performances periodically based on standards specific to that institution. As individuals generally work within a group, another efficiency type is compared to this one and this characterized as the group efficiency. Group efficiency can simply be expressed as the total of contributions of all group members in scope of the production. But it must be said that the group efficiency -because of the synergy created- means more than the total of contributions of the members. Third perspective in efficiency is the organizational efficiency. Organizations include individuals and groups, therefore group efficiency includes individual and group efficie ncies together. Besides, organizational efficiency expresses more than the total of individual efficiency and group efficiency. Like it happens in the group efficiency, organizations can reach to a performance level higher than the total of performances of their parts. The reason of existence for organizations is to achieve targets efficiently. Success of people and organizations is proportional to effective and efficient managers and management. The continuing efforts to increase efficiency and effectiveness are getting more frequent in our age. Almost all of organizational theories aim at defining and increasing efficiency (Ekinci and Y?lmaz, 2002). Manager Efficiency is about the organizations achieving its peak targets. First of the administrative duties of the manager is to obtain the highest possible performance from the jobs. Manager efficiency is not an ordinary property. Manager efficiency is observed when he can create solutions special to a problem he meets. An efficient manager focuses on what kind of contribution can be made to the functions of production, planning, coordination and controlling. Focusing on the contribution is the secret of becoming efficient. This influences the managers own work, work content, level, standards, influence, relations with superiors, colleagues and sellers and usage of management tools such as preparation of reports and meetings (Ekinci and Y?lmaz, 2002). MANAGER EFFECTIVENESS Effectiveness can be defined as the proportion of total physical income compared to the total output or production result obtained within a production or service system (Efil, 2004). Effectiveness concept is a criterion that expresses active functionality of the system in such a way that increases output amounts without increasing inputs. Therefore, effectiveness has a function that increases the level of welfare for an establishment by creating additional income. Moreover, the criteria such as input, output, added value, number of employees, working hours, wage payments and stock changes among others, shall be considered in calculation of effectiveness (Eren, 2001). Effective operation is an important target for organizations in both the production and service sector. Effectiveness, in the widest sense, is the proportion of total output to total input. Effectiveness concept is also called productivity. There are various ideas about the emergence of this concept. When we look at the first time the word productivity was used in the science world with a meaning close to the meaning it has today, we see that it was used in the 16th century by German Engineer Dr. George Bauer to explain how to improve mine extraction. The book De Re Metallica, which was published in 1556, is the source where the word productivity is closest to the meaning we use today. Effectiveness gained significance and soon became a subject on which people work towards during the following periods, especially after the emergence and spread of the Industrial Revolution. Effectiveness is a concept that has always been known and discussed as a measurement of success which is easy to define but hard to calculate (Ãâ€"zdemir and Muradova, 2008). When we think about the manager effectiveness, the work force has bigger potential to affect the effectiveness when compared to other factors. The factor that does the job, in other words, triggers the production factors and therefore   createsa product or service, is the workforce. Therefore effectiveness of the workforce can directly affect establishments effectiveness, and to a wide extent. Therefore the effectiveness of managers who manage, control and coordinate all of the work processes directly affect establishments effectiveness (Ãâ€"zdemir and Muradova, 2008). According to researches it is seen that the factors that increase the effectiveness of managers and wage earners are concepts such as the openness of channels of communication, fee, motivation, career etc. (Ãâ€"zdemir and Muradova, 2008). METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS It has been tried with this project to measure the relationship between management skills, manager efficiency and effectiveness. It has been examined how the managers activities are affected by technical, human (communication, coordination, motivation, controlling) and conceptual (planning, decision-making, creative thinking, problem solving) skills. A survey was carried out on three district municipality workers in Istanbul, which is used as the sample in the study. 194 workers took part in the survey, 186 of which were found acceptable. SPSS 11,5 software was used to analyze the data and information obtained as the result of the survey. Analyses used in the study consists of reliability analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analyses to test study hypotheses. Findings of the study were tested at p0.01 and p0.05 significance levels. A five point Likert type scale was used to answer the surveys used in this study. Assessment options in the scale are: 1-I definitely disagree, 2-I disagree, 3-Average, 4-I agree, 5-I definitely agree. There are 32 closed ended questions about conceptual skills in the first part of the survey, 23 closed ended questions in the second part about human skills (Source S. Cameron Quinn, 1999), five closed ended questions about technical skills in the third part, (Z. Zorluer, 2013), eight closed ended questions about efficiency in the fourth part(Chen ,et. all.,2006, Ergun, Oruà §., 2009) and six closed ended questions about effectiveness in the fifth part. (Chen ,et. all., 2006) Correlations and Regression Analysis According to Table 1; Pearson correlation coefficients, average, standard deviation and correlation analysis results of variables in the model were given. Standard deviation values belonging to variables are calculated between 0,84 and 1,07; and show that the variance (variability) amount between these values is at sufficient level to carry out a valid analysis. According to Table 1; the highest relation between manager skills dimensions is meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,885) level between human skills and top level conceptual skills, while the lowest relation is meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,561) level between manager effectiveness and technical skills. Moreover, another relation among manager skills dimension is meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,807) level between human skills and strategical conceptual skills. According to created data, it can be assessed that the human skills have high positive correlation with strategic and top conceptual skills, while it has a positive but lower relation with technical skills. The highest relation between independent variables and manager effectiveness which is one of the dependent variables in Table 1 is meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,867) levels. It is also meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,730) and (0,817) level between manager efficiency and strategic and top level conceptual skills. It is evaluated according to data that, the manager efficiency has a high positive relation between conceptual skills at secondary degree and with human skills at primary degree. It can be concluded that there is meaningful result at positive correlation p0,01 (0,752) level between manager efficiency and technical skills, in addition to a positive relation at conceptual skills level. The highest correlation between independent variables and manager effectiveness, which is one of the dependent variables in Table 1, is with the human skills. This relation is meaningful at p0,01 (0,630) levels. The correlation between independent variables is stronger with   the efficiency that is among the dependent variables, when compared to effectiveness that is among the dependent variables. Numerical closeness degree of corrected R2 and R2 values in Table 1 to 1 (one), expresses the direct proportion in reaching the reality result. R2 (which is 0.78) and corrected R2 values show at what degree the independent variables explain the dependent variable. According to the results it is seen that the managerial skills among the independent variables explain manager efficiency which is a dependent variable at 78% rate, while managerial skills, which are independent variables, explain dependent variable manager effectiveness at 43% rate. There is positive relation at p0,01 (11,538) level between the dependent variable manager efficiency and human skill which is the independent variable in Table 2. Also, there is positive relation at p0,01 (6,269) level between manager efficiency which is the dependent variable and technical skill which is the independent variable. There is a positive relation at p0,01 (2,889) level between top level conceptual skills and manager efficiency. Therefore when the human skills and technical skills are increased 1 (one) unit at p0,01 level; the manager efficiency increases based on human skills by 11,538, based on technical skills by 6,269 and based on top level conceptual skills by 2,889. In this scope the increase in manager efficiency; depends on the increase of human, technical and top level conceptual skill degrees which are independent variables. There is no positive relation at p0,01 and/or p0,05 level between dependent variable manager efficiency and strategical conceptual skills which are the independent variables in Table 2.   In the light of this information, it is thought that the increase in manager efficiency is not directly connected to the increase of strategical conceptual skill degrees among the independent variables. Table 2 shows multiple regression analysis of the relation between manager effectiveness and independent variables. All of the Strategical Conceptual, Top Level Conceptual, Human and Technical Skills have meaningful positive relation with the manager effectiveness. We see a relation that changes between 2,852 and 2,073 at p0,01 level. Results in Table 2 were taken into account for all management levels. The same regression analysis was carried out individually for low, middle and top level managers. Numerical closeness degree of corrected R2 and R2 values in Table 3 to 1 (one), expresses the direct proportion in reaching the reality result. R2 and corrected R2   (which are 0.76 and 0.75) values show at what degree the independent variables explain the dependent variable. According to the results it is seen that the managerial skills among the independent variables explain manager efficiency which is a dependent variable at 76% rate, while managerial skills which are independent variables explain dependent variable manager effectiveness at 46% rate. There is positive relation at p0,01 (6,465) between dependent variable top level manager efficiency and top level management human skills in Table 3. Also, there is positive relation at p0,01 (3,801) level between manager efficiency which is the dependent variable and technical skills which are the independent variables. This regression analysis as the result of the survey that was carried out in scope of local managements (municipalities) show that top managements human skills are efficient in a meaningful way in manager efficiency. Especially communication and motivation among the human skills which are at 0.750 level in scope of the factor, are indispensable properties of top level manager efficiency. This analysis, in which technical skills are influential, shows the necessity that top manager must have full knowledge of the subjects and be able to create a technical vision for his subordinates and the city. Independent variables that affect the manager effectiveness, which is a dependent variable, are strategical conceptual skills with p0,01 (2,955) and human skills with p0,01 (1,679) . Therefore, when strategical conceptual skills and human skills increase 1 (one) unit at p0,01 level, the level of manager effectiveness increases depending on the strategical conceptual skills by 2,955 and depending on human skills by   1,679. In this scope the increase in manager effectiveness depends on the increase of strategical conceptual skills and human skills which are independent variables. Once again, when the top level manager in scope of municipalities have strategical conceptual skills such as planning, activity controlling and strategical thinking, it creates an effective manager perception in the eye of his subordinates and those who receive the services. Numerical closeness degree of corrected R2 and R2 values in Table 4 to 1 (one), expresses the direct proportion in reaching the reality result. R2 and corrected R2   (which are 0,78 and 0,77) values show at what degree the independent variables explain the dependent variable. According to the results it is seen that the managerial skills among the independent variables explain manager efficiency which is a dependent variable at 78% rate, while managerial skills which are independent variables explain dependent variable manager effectiveness at 47% rate. There is positive relation at p0,01 (6,740) level between dependent variable top level manager efficiency and middle level management human skills in Table 4. This high relation level shows that, human skills play an important role in manager efficiency in municipalities for administrators at manager and deputy manager levels. High values of communication, motivation and decision-making in scope of factor analysis show that leader properties are important for middle level managers too, for them to be efficient. Also; there is positive relation at p0,01 (2,270) and (2,222) level between top conceptual and technical skills which are independent variables and manager efficiency which is a dependent variable. This result shows that, when the middle level managers who manage the coordination and who act as a bridge between top level managers and low level managers who personally carry out the application, as required by their positions, have both technical and top conceptual skills, this increases the manager efficiency. The independent variables that affect the manager effectiveness which is a dependent variable, are top conceptual skills with p0,05 (1,890) and human skills with p0,05 (1,859) . Although their meaningfulness level is at 0,05 level, an effective middle level manager shall have top conceptual skills in addition to human skills. Therefore, when top conceptual skills and human skills increase 1 (one) unit at p0,05 level, manager effectiveness level increases by 1,890 depending on top conceptual skills and by 1,859 depending on human skills. In this scope the increase in manager effectiveness depends on the increase of top conceptual skills and human skills which are independent variables. In scope of municipalities, a middle level managers effectiveness will increase or decrease based on at what degree top management successfully transmits the vision to subordinates and puts it into practice. The numerical closeness degree of R2 and corrected R2 values in Table 5 to 1 (one), expresses the direct proportion in reaching the reality result. R2 and corrected R2 values, which are 0.83 and 0.82, show at what rate the independent variables explain the dependent variable.   According to the results it is seen that the managerial skills among the independent variables explain manager efficiency which is a dependent variable at 83% rate, while managerial skills which are independent variables explain dependent variable manager effectiveness at 40% rate. There is positive relation at p0,01 (7,193) between dependent variable manager efficiency and human skills which are low level managerial skills, in Table 5. Also, there is positive relation at p0,01 (5,146) level between manager efficiency which is the dependent variable and technical skills which are the independent variable. This two relations reveal that, human skills are important also in low level management level like it is with the others, and they affect manager efficiency at a meaningful extent. Low level management personally manages the application and is the first answerer in the management level in scope of application of works, and therefore technical skills make important contributions to efficiency. This regression analysis as the result of the survey that was carried out in scope of local managements (municipalities) shows that low level managements human skills are efficient in a meaningful way in manager efficiency. Especially communication and motivation among the human skills which are at 0.750 level in scope of the factor, are indispensable properties of low level manager efficiency. Having technical skills is indispensable for the efficiency at this management level, which track the technical works by supervising the works on site. The independent variables that affect the management effectiveness which is a dependent variable are technical skills with p0,01 (2,955). Therefore when the technical skills are increased 1 (one) unit at p0,01 level, the manager effectiveness level increases by 2,955 depending on the technical skills. In this scope the manager effectiveness increase depends on the increase of technical skills degrees, which are independent variables. Carrying out the job effectively will ensure effectiveness of low level management, as the efficiency in scope of municipalities is related to the degree the work is carried out correctly, and how long it lasted. DISCUSSION Effects of conceptual, human and technical manager skills on three different management level manager effectiveness and efficiency are put forward in the study with an application carried out with three district municipality workers in Istanbul. During the factor analysis, it was found more meaningful to evaluate conceptual skills with two factors as strategical conceptual and top level conceptual skills, and to evaluate human and technical skills as one factor (Table-5.4.).   In scope of regression analyses carried out in this way, it is evident that only the strategical conceptual skills have negative relation with manager efficiency, and other skills had a positive relation which generally match up with theoretical information based on literature inquiry (Table-5.7.). When we consider the managers in general, it is seen that except for the negative relation of strategical conceptual skills on manager efficiency, it has positive effects on manager effectiveness while top level conceptual skills, human skills and technical skills have positive effects on both manager efficiency and manager effectiveness (Table-5.7.). Creative thinking, future management and problem-solving among the top level conceptual skills are coming to the forefront as the most important factors that increase manager efficiency (Table-5.4.). An efficient manager shall think creatively to put forward a vision and manage the future with such vision, and be able to use human properties and creative thinking skills well while solving problems. A manager who can do these in their proper place creates an efficient manager perception. This study has revealed that there is a meaningful relation at high degree between human skills and manager efficiency (Table-5.4.).Problem-solving, coordination, communication, motivation and decision-making are also among the human skills that are coming forward as the most important factors that increase manager efficiency (Table-5.4.). The relation between human skills and efficiency determined during the study is in parallel with the literature inquiries. When an efficient manager has good communication with his subordinates and superiors, this motivates his team, ensures coordination and uses other human skills actively. This positively affects a managers high efficiency. For all three level managers (municipalities: top level: Mayor/Deputy mayor, middle level: Manager/Deputy manager and low level: Chief) human skills are at a very important level for manager efficiency. Using a good communication channel to solve problems; ensuring participation by keeping communication strong when making decisions; to motivate when decisions are being applied and to ensure coordination are properties that increase the efficiency of managers from all levels. Especially in scope of service sector managers (municipalities are state organs that deliver service to the people) when the human skills are high, the efficiency of the work and the person who carried out the work increases. In each activity field that requires technical information it is seen that all three management levels the technical skills effect the efficiency in a meaningful way and at high rates (Table-5.7.). Contribution of the technical skill owned by the manager about the performed service to the efficiency is also proportional to usage of human skills when that service is being presented. An efficient manager presents his technical skill with his human skills. In parallel with the literature, the technical skills of chief/low level managers increase the manager efficiency more when compared to other skills (Table-5.10.). When evaluated in scope of municipalities, the reason of high level of contribution of technical skills in efficiency for top level managers is: because of the necessity of being able to give technical answer to peoples questions and having grasp of technical details when a planned work is explained by the mayor and deputy mayor and municipality personnel (Table-5.8.). A to p level manager that has grasp of technical details, is seen as an efficient manager who knows what he is doing and who has control over details in the eyes of stakeholders. An efficient manager may have one, two or all of conceptual, human or technical skills. This study revealed which skill of the manager puts him forward as an efficient manager and the abovementioned results were obtained. In scope of this study, when the skill of a manager comes to the foreground, this does not mean the manager does not have the other skills. This study assessed three levels (top, middle and low) of managers and examined the effects of individual manager properties of these three level managers on the manager efficiency. This study which has been carried out on local municipalities may give different results when carried out in different sectors.

Essay on Advances in Technology Raises Ethical Issues

In the past decade informative technology such as video surveillance has been relentlessly overtaking us with great speed. While such technology certainly has the potential to improve the quality and efficiency of our lives, it also raises important ethical issues. For many years the government has been monitoring us through the use of surveillance technologies such as audio recordings, video recordings, databases, and even tapping into our phone calls. While informative technology is neither bad nor good, it can and is used for both and that is humanity’s biggest problem. Due to this, there are many ethical dilemmas that can result from the misuse of informative technology. One such ethical dilemma is whether a government should have the†¦show more content†¦If an individual does not know his or her telephone conversation is being recorded, then ethically, it would be a breach of his or her privacy for someone to use what he or she said against him. This is their rig ht as part of the 4th Amendment in the constitution. However, there are laws that supposedly protect wire-tapping post 9/11that has created room for leeway in the methods and intentions of audio surveillance. These laws are clearly unconstitutional and yet still remain. Surveillance technology is unethical even through the pathos view of persuasion due to the number of false positive leads where innocent citizens have been wrongly accused of crimes that they did not commit due to misinterpreted surveillance taken out of context. In some of these cases citizens have been immediately detained without any sort of charge for fairly long periods of time. In such cases the citizens were released, but not before being subjected to intense invasive interrogation. In all such cases, these citizens were made to suffer through psychological trauma of being arrested and in some cases false representations caused their loss of livelihood. Such arrests are difficult to quantify and its effects m ay be long lasting depending on the circumstances. Moreover severe social and moral issues of race and religion appear into the picture when it comes to video surveillance through the social issue ofShow MoreRelatedIct Ethics Issues in Malaysia638 Words   |  3 PagesThe development of technology which is getting greater and advance often leads to complex ethical, illegal, and societal issues. Thus there were many ethic centers developed in order to examine the implication of the moral principles into various fields that raise throughout the development of the technology such business ethics, engineering ethics, computer ethics, and medical ethics. Computer ethics or ICT ethics are not so much different of the human ethics, the different is how it is performRead MoreThe Consequences Of Cloning In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1470 Words   |  6 Pagesof the monster was made to benefit and advance society’s knowledge. 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Biography of King George VI, Britain’s Unexpected King

King George VI (born Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George; December 14, 1895–February 6, 1952) was King of the United Kingdom, Head of the British Commonwealth, and the last Emperor of India. He succeeded to the throne after his older brother, Edward VIII, abdicated. He is the father of Queen Elizabeth II, Britain’s longest-ruling monarch. Fast Facts: King George VI Given Name:  Albert Frederick Arthur GeorgeKnown For: Served as King of the United Kingdom from 1936–1952, following the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. His reign saw Britains victory in World War II as well as the end of the British Empire.Born: December 14, 1895 in Norfolk, EnglandDied: February 6, 1952 in Norfolk, EnglandSpouse: Queen Elizabeth, nee Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (m. 1923-1952)Children: Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth II (b. 1926), Princess Margaret (1930-2002) Early Life George VI, who was known as Albert until he became king, was born to Prince George, then Duke of York (later King George V) and his wife, Mary of Teck. He was their second son, following the birth of his brother Edward the previous year. His birthday was also the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert. To honor the prince—and in deference to Queen Victoria, who was reportedly upset upon hearing the news of the prince’s birth on that day—the family named the child Albert, after the late Prince Consort. Among family, Albert was known as â€Å"Bertie,† like his grandfather the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII). As a boy, Albert suffered from several health problems, including bowed knees and chronic stomach ailments. He also developed the stammer that he would struggle with for the rest of his life. When Albert was fourteen, he began attending the Royal Naval College as a naval cadet; like many royal second sons, he anticipated a military career. Although he struggled in his early studies, he graduated in his training and progressed to training on board a ship in 1913. Duke of York In 1910, Alberts father became King George V, making Albert second in line for the throne behind his brother Edward, who quickly developed a reputation for his hard-partying ways. Albert, meanwhile, had just embarked on his full-fledged naval career when World War I broke out. Although he went through an emergency appendectomy in 1913, he recovered and rejoined the war effort, eventually being mentioned in dispatches for his action during the Battle of Jutland, the largest single naval battle of the war. Albert suffered another medical setback when he had to have surgery for an ulcer in 1917, but he eventually transferred to the Royal Air Force and became the first royal to be a fully certified pilot. He was posted to France in the waning days of the war, and in 1919, after the war had ended, he became a full-fledged RAF pilot and was promoted to squadron leader. He was made Duke of York in 1920, at which time he began taking on more public duties, although his ongoing struggle with his stammer made public speaking difficult. That same year, Albert crossed paths with Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, for the first time since they were children. He fell in love with her immediately, but the path to marriage wasn’t quite so smooth. She rejected his marriage proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, because she wasn’t sure she wanted to make the sacrifices that being a royal would require. By 1923, however, she agreed, and the couple were married on April 26, 1923. Their daughters Elizabeth and Margaret were born in 1926 and 1930, respectively. Ascent to the Throne Albert and Elizabeth lived a relatively quiet life by choice. Albert’s public speaking requirements led him to hire speech therapist Lionel Logue, whose breathing and vocal techniques helped the prince to improve his public speaking abilities. Albert and Logues work together was depicted in the Oscar-winning film The Kings Speech in 2010. Albert supported the improvement of working conditions, served as president of the Industrial Welfare Society, and ran a series of summer camps for boys from a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds from 1921 until the outbreak of World War II. In 1936, George V died and Albert’s brother Edward became King Edward VIII. Controversy immediately erupted, as Edward wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, an American who had divorced her first husband and was in the process of divorcing her second husband. The subsequent constitutional crisis was only resolved when Edward chose to abdicate rather than give up Wallis. He did so on December 10, 1936. Since Edward was unmarried and childless, Albert became king, taking the regnal name George VI in honor of his father. He was crowned in Westminster Abbey on May 12, 1937—the date previously slated for Edward VIII’s coronation. Almost immediately, King George VI was pulled into the controversy over the U.K.’s handling of Hitler’s aggression on the European mainland. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain continued to pursue an appeasement policy, and the king was constitutionally bound to support him. In early 1939, the king and queen visited Canada, making George VI the first British monarch to visit. On the same trip, they visited the United States and formed a rapport with President Franklin D. Roosevelt that would help solidify the American-British ties in the coming years. World War II On September 3, 1939, after Germany failed to respond to an ultimatum issued over their invasion of Poland, the United Kingdom, along with its European allies, declared war on Germany. In spite of constant air raids by the German Luftwaffe, the royal family remained in official residence in London throughout World War II, although they actually split their time between Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. In 1940, Winston Churchill took over as prime minister. Although he and King George VI had a rocky relationship at first, they soon developed an excellent rapport that helped bring the U.K. through the war years. The king and queen made many visits and public appearances to keep up morale, and the monarchy hit a high in popularity. The war came to an end in 1945, and the following year, London hosted the first assembly of the United Nations, with George VI making an opening address. Later Years and Legacy In the years after the war, King George VI turned to matters of his own empire, which entered a decline in influence and power on the world stage. India and Pakistan declared independence in 1947, and Ireland left the Commonwealth altogether in 1948. When India officially became a republic, George VI took on a new title: Head of the Commonwealth. King George VI had suffered health problems all his life, and the combination of stress from the war and his heavy smoking habits led to a series of major health scares in the late 1940s. He developed lung cancer, as well as arteriosclerosis and other diseases, and underwent multiple surgeries. Princess Elizabeth, his heir, took on more and more of his duties, although she was recently married and starting a family with her husband, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. On the morning February 6, 1952, King George VI was found in his room at Sandringham, having died in his sleep. His daughter Elizabeth immediately became Queen Elizabeth II at the age of 25; she is the longest reigning queen regnant of all time. He is buried in St. George’s Chapel, and the remains of his wife Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother and his younger daughter Margaret have since been interred alongside him. King George VI was never supposed to be king, but he reigned over the later years of Britain as an imperial power and saw the nation through one of its most dangerous eras. Sources Bradford, Sarah. The Reluctant King: The Life and Reign of George VI, 1895 – 1952. St. Martin’s Press, 1990.â€Å"George VI.† Biography, 2 April 2014, https://www.biography.com/people/george-vi-9308937.Howarth, Patrick. George VI: A New Biography. Hutchinson, 1987.Smith, Sally Bedell. Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch. Random House, 2012.

Social Media s Influence On Modern Consumerism - 1272 Words

Social media’s prevalent influence on modern consumerism has benefited the producer, whether large conglomerates or small businesses, and has provided better consumer protection for the global market. Political, Economic, and Social Power in Communication Prior to analyzing the role social media has on an increasingly more global consumer culture, it is important to study and recognize the causes for the United States’ growing prosperity and the underlying trends that begin to emerge. The United States’ Northern economy was always more robust than its southern counterpart due to its inability to grow cash crops and its abundance of natural resources. During colonial times, the North’s economy relied on trading, shipbuilding, and fishing,†¦show more content†¦Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin enabled United States to become the world’s leading producer of cotton. In addition to the cotton gin, Whitney’s interchangeable parts made way for easily replacing faulty parts, but also inspired standardizing the sizing of clothing. A standard model for clothing sizes made way for the mass production of clothing in factories, which rapidly industrialized the United States. The industrialization of the United States provided a new source of income for families and diversified the jobs available for women. It not only modernized the textile industry, but also led to advancements in communication and banking, which also inspir ed the concept of modern economics. The first commercialized telegraph was invented during that time, and it allowed for the rise of banks and financiers and later stock exchanges in London and New York. The modern philosophic ideas about economics, based on the improvements made during the Industrial Revolution, was also written by Adam Smith in â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†. The 1920s in the United States was time of prosperity for the country where the standard of living rose, incomes increased, and technological advances met entertainment; this propagated the perfect opportunity for a consumerism upsurge. Although automobiles, radios, and mail-order catalogs existed well before the Roaring Twenties, their sales went up as American ideals shifted from avoiding unnecessary costs toShow MoreRelatedThe Mass Decline Of Childhood Identity And The Social Implications Involved899 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout modern society, children have become the primary consumers of marketing (Hill, 2011, p. 348). As the documentary Consuming Kids illustrates, infants are easily deceived by society, culture, and especially media scams (Barbaro, 2008). Marketing has shifted the focus of children from traditional playing to various consumerist desires. This paper will explore the causes of the mass decline in childhood identity and the social implications involved. 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