The IABPAD Conference Proceedings - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5453 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? ABSTRACT The management skills of supervisors and managers are detrimental when it comes to assessing how organizations are effectively run, especially during a time in history that is experiencing rapid change. The purpose of this study is to investigate which management skills contribute to effectiveness and efficiency of the workplace, and to which degree. It also aims to compare the correlation between manager efficiency and conceptual human and technical skills of those in the workplace. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The IABPAD Conference Proceedings" essay for you Create order The data was collected using a questionnaire which was obtained from municipal employees across Istanbul. A total of 194 questionnaires were handed out, however, 186 units were deemed valid. As a result of the analysis performed, human, conceptual and technical skills have proved to be proportionately effective to manager effectivenesswhen working in an environment. Such effectiveness and efficiency in the case of the manager is based on skills such as: communication, interpersonal skills, and the ability to motivate and encourage a team. The influence on the effectiveness that management may have on both the conceptual and technical skills of the workplace changes according to the level of the upper-management. This study has shown; under competition and particular uncertainty, it becomes increasingly difficult to achieve desired goals. The difficulty of this task is further heightened by a system of classical management based on protecting an organizations efficiency and maintaining the status quo. For managers to be part of operations and to be in effective communication with their employees, they must persuade and motivate their employees, and be able to provide organizational effectiveness. INTRODUCTION In todays global world, where changes drive forward every field, mankind has plunged into a quest to use available resources in the most effective and efficient way to create a difference. In addition to this, the only way to become successful and to compete with other organizations is to create that difference through the efficient use of resources (Koà §o?lu, 2010). This quick development and transformation requires and compels institutions to different pursuits in order to become successful. Assessments and change become necessary for a successful organization to result and in order to sustain competitiveness in a field of new pursuits and for possible improvement in any or all of the following areas: usage of resources, procurement of raw materials, technological development and efficiency in making use of opportunities. The focus of all efforts is on creating new opportunities and so the questionthen becomes how to manage and make use of such opportunities in the most rational way. Therefore, evaluation covers the contribution of organizational managers in the scope of an institutions success. People who deal with management and are responsible for the organizations management structure as well as functionality, are primarily the top managers of institutions. For organization to carry out its defined mission and remain competitive, the manage ment of organizations is examined in terms of operation and structure in order to perform manager analyses. This is why management concept has become the focus of debate in todays management organizations, and why skills and properties of managers have been put in the center of successful management discussions (Eren, 2001). The relationship between organizations efficiency and manager efficiency, manager efficiency and organizations effectiveness etc. subjects were emphasized in scope of literature works done until today, but no detailed work was carried out on the relationship between manager properties and manager efficiency. This work aims at carrying out a much more detailed study on manager efficiency and manager properties, and also public servants are taken as examples to add a different perspective. The aim is to make academic contributions to todays academic literature and managers, in addition to being a guide for future works. The purpose of this work is to put forward manager behaviors and properties to define the efficient manager and to study which manager properties and skills contribute to manager efficiency. In parallel with this purpose, the management and manager concepts are going to be discussed by examining the skills and properties of managers which must be owned by management organizations. MANAGER Manager is the person who is expected to be efficient and successful and who must carry out the arrangements that will ensure the institution reaches its purpose and targets. In other words the manager is the name of the person, who is expected to reach and achieve certain purposes by displaying administrative functions, regardless of the institutions structure or current position level. Erdo?an (2008) defines it as the person who is obliged to and responsible for managing efficiently and effectively, in order to make people who come together for a purpose be able to achieve that target harmoniously and cooperatively. According to an extensive definition the manager is the person who directs material and human production factors put under his command, to achieve determined purposes within a specific time, by considering the developments happening around, and who is responsible from the effectiveness of his owned resources (Koà §o?lu, 2010). Managers wrap themselves up in different manager styles based on their behaviors to their subordinates, their approaches to the job and the authorization transfer. Management can be seen as a pyramid with management organs that allow the establishment to achieve its set targets and get the job done by others. In this regard, management can be categorized into three stages. (Mucuk, 2008) Top Level Management Middle Level Management Low Level Management Top Level Management and Managers: These people are the ones with the highest authorization and power, who bear the responsibility for the whole establishment, who define establishments purpose, long-term policies and strategies, and who represent the establishment with the widest authority in the external environment (Mucuk, 2008). Middle Level Management and Managers: These people are the ones who work to realize the purposes determined by top management through focusing on application, and their human skills are in the foreground (Ataman, 2009). Low Level Management and Managers: These are the people who are responsible in the first degree from the workers who actually do the job in addition to technical, commercial or administrative personnel (Ataman, 2009). BASIC PROPERTIES AND SKILLS OF MANAGEMENT According to Tamer Koà §el (1989), management is a group of activities with three dimensions: technical, human and conceptual. Technical dimension is the managers functional specialty, human dimension is being able to influence people whom he works with, and conceptual dimension is a managers ability to see the organization as a whole. In parallel with technical, human and conceptual dimensions that constitute three individual aspects of management activities, management skills are examined in three categories such as Technical, Human Relations and Conceptual Skills (Mucuk, 2008). Manager skills classified in this way vary by management levels. It is known that management skills used based on management levels show differences. Conceptual skills are used much more by top level management while human skills are used more by middle level managers, while technical skills are more necessary for the administrator level. Human skills include skills of communication, coordination, motivation, directing and controlling. Technical skills include the skill to manage technical parts of the job, while the conceptual skills include planning, organization and decision-making. Technical Skills It is defined as the accumulation of knowledge about methods, processes, procedures, methods and key points to carry out specialized activities and skills to use tools and materials related to such activities (Yukl, 2004). Technical skill is the skill that include usage of various tools, methods and technologies to carry out organizational activities (Çetinkaya 2009). In this scope, special information, mastery, tactics and methods necessary to achieve a task, are all included under the topic of technical skills. Technical skills also require   information about products and services, organizational properties, properties of employees, management systems and rules along   with methods, processes and the equipment needed to complete the task at hand. Technical knowledge and skills are gained with formation, training and job experience while having a strong memory and being able to acquire new information one may need from various sources is also important (Yukl, 2004). Technical skills are more important for an organizations low level managers (Koà §o?lu, 2010). Human Skills (Relations) It is defined as the accumulation of knowledge about human behavior and interpersonal processes; the skill to understand the instincts (empathy, social sensitivity) that allows to understand feelings, behaviors and what other people are going to do and say; clear and active communication skills (fluent speech, persuasion skills); skill to establish active and cooperative relations (behaving according to environment, diplomacy, listening skills, accumulation of knowledge on acceptable social behaviors) (Yukl, 2004). Human skills are the skills that allow organizational purposes to be realized and that allow an individual expected job satisfaction (Çetinkaya, 2009). Relevant behaviors include information about group processes, being able to understand other peoples emotions, behaviors and instincts, and communicating with them in a clear and persuasive way. Empathy, social foresight, tactic, persuasiveness, diplomacy, oral communication skills, staying in a cooperative communication with the subordinates, superiors and counterparts are the properties owned by leaders having this skill. These kind of skills are important to influence people. Being able to listen to people without judging them is key to understand and evaluate them correctly (Yukl, 2004). In order to observe whether the human relations are used efficiently, we should examine the concepts of communication, coordination, directing, motivation, performance evaluation, control, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, social intelligence and emotional control. Conceptual Skills Conceptual skill is the skill to see the elements that constitute the organization as a whole (Çetinkaya, 2009). Conceptual or cognitive skills include subjects such as justice, creativeness, foresight, intuition and sense-making, in addition to basically including analytical skill, logical thinking, induction and deduction knowledge as well as conceptualization. Such skills are owned by top level managers. Active planning, organization, problem-solving, associating different departments of the organization with each other, strategic planning and analyzing the events etc. are examined under the title of conceptual skills. (Yukl, 2004). Conceptual skills gain more importance towards the upper levels as they include being able to see the organization as a whole, to coordinate and integrate the interests and activities of the organization and to see the relation between departments of the organization. Managers who carry out strategic planning have to use conceptual skills in their relations with the environment. (Koà §o?lu, 2010). Strong management skills are a basic necessity for an organization to survive in the world of competition where there is a need to track changes continuously. The leader-manager concept gained significance because of this necessity. Understanding people, systematic thinking, harmony between individual-organizational targets, increasing organizational loyalty of the employees and such leadership skills are important in increasing the financial sources of companies. However, the element that makes leadership more meaningful under the umbrella of organization is, forming a successful team spirit within the organization. Uniting employees with big targets they can achieve, developing strategies to reach those targets and motivating wage earners who are open to improvement with continuous training activities are indispensable points for a leader-manager in scope of forming the team spirit (Ãâ€"zdemir, 2009). MANAGER EFFICIENCY Manager structuring of organizations generally consist of 3 stages as low level managers, middle level managers and top level managers. Jobs and responsibilities of managers in these three categories are different. Their roles in the organization vary as the skills and abilities they need to become successful depend on their position. Each manager contributes and helps management function (planning, organization, directing and controlling) as required by their management level. Without naming their contributions as more important or less important among themselves, those who work in three management levels are the managers who define the efficiency of the other employees and therefore the organization. Regardless of their organization or level, the manager is the person who is expected to be efficient and effective on the employees in reaching the targets, by assuming the responsibility of one or more management functions. In order to become successful, the manager must be able to ma nage employee efforts and perceptions (Robbins and Coulter, 2005) (Erigà ¼Ãƒ § et al, 2009). Katz and Kahn efficiencies are defined as maximizing the organizational outputs in every possible way (economical, technological, political, etc). Gibson explains efficiency in three individual steps. The most basic level is the individual efficiency where the organizations members, all the employees, one by one are considered in scope of their performances. Jobs carried out by the individuals are parts of jobs and positions within the organization, therefore managers evaluate individuals performances periodically based on standards specific to that institution. As individuals generally work within a group, another efficiency type is compared to this one and this characterized as the group efficiency. Group efficiency can simply be expressed as the total of contributions of all group members in scope of the production. But it must be said that the group efficiency -because of the synergy created- means more than the total of contributions of the members. Third perspective in efficiency is the organizational efficiency. Organizations include individuals and groups, therefore group efficiency includes individual and group efficie ncies together. Besides, organizational efficiency expresses more than the total of individual efficiency and group efficiency. Like it happens in the group efficiency, organizations can reach to a performance level higher than the total of performances of their parts. The reason of existence for organizations is to achieve targets efficiently. Success of people and organizations is proportional to effective and efficient managers and management. The continuing efforts to increase efficiency and effectiveness are getting more frequent in our age. Almost all of organizational theories aim at defining and increasing efficiency (Ekinci and Y?lmaz, 2002). Manager Efficiency is about the organizations achieving its peak targets. First of the administrative duties of the manager is to obtain the highest possible performance from the jobs. Manager efficiency is not an ordinary property. Manager efficiency is observed when he can create solutions special to a problem he meets. An efficient manager focuses on what kind of contribution can be made to the functions of production, planning, coordination and controlling. Focusing on the contribution is the secret of becoming efficient. This influences the managers own work, work content, level, standards, influence, relations with superiors, colleagues and sellers and usage of management tools such as preparation of reports and meetings (Ekinci and Y?lmaz, 2002). MANAGER EFFECTIVENESS Effectiveness can be defined as the proportion of total physical income compared to the total output or production result obtained within a production or service system (Efil, 2004). Effectiveness concept is a criterion that expresses active functionality of the system in such a way that increases output amounts without increasing inputs. Therefore, effectiveness has a function that increases the level of welfare for an establishment by creating additional income. Moreover, the criteria such as input, output, added value, number of employees, working hours, wage payments and stock changes among others, shall be considered in calculation of effectiveness (Eren, 2001). Effective operation is an important target for organizations in both the production and service sector. Effectiveness, in the widest sense, is the proportion of total output to total input. Effectiveness concept is also called productivity. There are various ideas about the emergence of this concept. When we look at the first time the word productivity was used in the science world with a meaning close to the meaning it has today, we see that it was used in the 16th century by German Engineer Dr. George Bauer to explain how to improve mine extraction. The book De Re Metallica, which was published in 1556, is the source where the word productivity is closest to the meaning we use today. Effectiveness gained significance and soon became a subject on which people work towards during the following periods, especially after the emergence and spread of the Industrial Revolution. Effectiveness is a concept that has always been known and discussed as a measurement of success which is easy to define but hard to calculate (Ãâ€"zdemir and Muradova, 2008). When we think about the manager effectiveness, the work force has bigger potential to affect the effectiveness when compared to other factors. The factor that does the job, in other words, triggers the production factors and therefore   createsa product or service, is the workforce. Therefore effectiveness of the workforce can directly affect establishments effectiveness, and to a wide extent. Therefore the effectiveness of managers who manage, control and coordinate all of the work processes directly affect establishments effectiveness (Ãâ€"zdemir and Muradova, 2008). According to researches it is seen that the factors that increase the effectiveness of managers and wage earners are concepts such as the openness of channels of communication, fee, motivation, career etc. (Ãâ€"zdemir and Muradova, 2008). METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS It has been tried with this project to measure the relationship between management skills, manager efficiency and effectiveness. It has been examined how the managers activities are affected by technical, human (communication, coordination, motivation, controlling) and conceptual (planning, decision-making, creative thinking, problem solving) skills. A survey was carried out on three district municipality workers in Istanbul, which is used as the sample in the study. 194 workers took part in the survey, 186 of which were found acceptable. SPSS 11,5 software was used to analyze the data and information obtained as the result of the survey. Analyses used in the study consists of reliability analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analyses to test study hypotheses. Findings of the study were tested at p0.01 and p0.05 significance levels. A five point Likert type scale was used to answer the surveys used in this study. Assessment options in the scale are: 1-I definitely disagree, 2-I disagree, 3-Average, 4-I agree, 5-I definitely agree. There are 32 closed ended questions about conceptual skills in the first part of the survey, 23 closed ended questions in the second part about human skills (Source S. Cameron Quinn, 1999), five closed ended questions about technical skills in the third part, (Z. Zorluer, 2013), eight closed ended questions about efficiency in the fourth part(Chen ,et. all.,2006, Ergun, Oruà §., 2009) and six closed ended questions about effectiveness in the fifth part. (Chen ,et. all., 2006) Correlations and Regression Analysis According to Table 1; Pearson correlation coefficients, average, standard deviation and correlation analysis results of variables in the model were given. Standard deviation values belonging to variables are calculated between 0,84 and 1,07; and show that the variance (variability) amount between these values is at sufficient level to carry out a valid analysis. According to Table 1; the highest relation between manager skills dimensions is meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,885) level between human skills and top level conceptual skills, while the lowest relation is meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,561) level between manager effectiveness and technical skills. Moreover, another relation among manager skills dimension is meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,807) level between human skills and strategical conceptual skills. According to created data, it can be assessed that the human skills have high positive correlation with strategic and top conceptual skills, while it has a positive but lower relation with technical skills. The highest relation between independent variables and manager effectiveness which is one of the dependent variables in Table 1 is meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,867) levels. It is also meaningful at positive correlation p0,01 (0,730) and (0,817) level between manager efficiency and strategic and top level conceptual skills. It is evaluated according to data that, the manager efficiency has a high positive relation between conceptual skills at secondary degree and with human skills at primary degree. It can be concluded that there is meaningful result at positive correlation p0,01 (0,752) level between manager efficiency and technical skills, in addition to a positive relation at conceptual skills level. The highest correlation between independent variables and manager effectiveness, which is one of the dependent variables in Table 1, is with the human skills. This relation is meaningful at p0,01 (0,630) levels. The correlation between independent variables is stronger with   the efficiency that is among the dependent variables, when compared to effectiveness that is among the dependent variables. Numerical closeness degree of corrected R2 and R2 values in Table 1 to 1 (one), expresses the direct proportion in reaching the reality result. R2 (which is 0.78) and corrected R2 values show at what degree the independent variables explain the dependent variable. According to the results it is seen that the managerial skills among the independent variables explain manager efficiency which is a dependent variable at 78% rate, while managerial skills, which are independent variables, explain dependent variable manager effectiveness at 43% rate. There is positive relation at p0,01 (11,538) level between the dependent variable manager efficiency and human skill which is the independent variable in Table 2. Also, there is positive relation at p0,01 (6,269) level between manager efficiency which is the dependent variable and technical skill which is the independent variable. There is a positive relation at p0,01 (2,889) level between top level conceptual skills and manager efficiency. Therefore when the human skills and technical skills are increased 1 (one) unit at p0,01 level; the manager efficiency increases based on human skills by 11,538, based on technical skills by 6,269 and based on top level conceptual skills by 2,889. In this scope the increase in manager efficiency; depends on the increase of human, technical and top level conceptual skill degrees which are independent variables. There is no positive relation at p0,01 and/or p0,05 level between dependent variable manager efficiency and strategical conceptual skills which are the independent variables in Table 2.   In the light of this information, it is thought that the increase in manager efficiency is not directly connected to the increase of strategical conceptual skill degrees among the independent variables. Table 2 shows multiple regression analysis of the relation between manager effectiveness and independent variables. All of the Strategical Conceptual, Top Level Conceptual, Human and Technical Skills have meaningful positive relation with the manager effectiveness. We see a relation that changes between 2,852 and 2,073 at p0,01 level. Results in Table 2 were taken into account for all management levels. The same regression analysis was carried out individually for low, middle and top level managers. Numerical closeness degree of corrected R2 and R2 values in Table 3 to 1 (one), expresses the direct proportion in reaching the reality result. R2 and corrected R2   (which are 0.76 and 0.75) values show at what degree the independent variables explain the dependent variable. According to the results it is seen that the managerial skills among the independent variables explain manager efficiency which is a dependent variable at 76% rate, while managerial skills which are independent variables explain dependent variable manager effectiveness at 46% rate. There is positive relation at p0,01 (6,465) between dependent variable top level manager efficiency and top level management human skills in Table 3. Also, there is positive relation at p0,01 (3,801) level between manager efficiency which is the dependent variable and technical skills which are the independent variables. This regression analysis as the result of the survey that was carried out in scope of local managements (municipalities) show that top managements human skills are efficient in a meaningful way in manager efficiency. Especially communication and motivation among the human skills which are at 0.750 level in scope of the factor, are indispensable properties of top level manager efficiency. This analysis, in which technical skills are influential, shows the necessity that top manager must have full knowledge of the subjects and be able to create a technical vision for his subordinates and the city. Independent variables that affect the manager effectiveness, which is a dependent variable, are strategical conceptual skills with p0,01 (2,955) and human skills with p0,01 (1,679) . Therefore, when strategical conceptual skills and human skills increase 1 (one) unit at p0,01 level, the level of manager effectiveness increases depending on the strategical conceptual skills by 2,955 and depending on human skills by   1,679. In this scope the increase in manager effectiveness depends on the increase of strategical conceptual skills and human skills which are independent variables. Once again, when the top level manager in scope of municipalities have strategical conceptual skills such as planning, activity controlling and strategical thinking, it creates an effective manager perception in the eye of his subordinates and those who receive the services. Numerical closeness degree of corrected R2 and R2 values in Table 4 to 1 (one), expresses the direct proportion in reaching the reality result. R2 and corrected R2   (which are 0,78 and 0,77) values show at what degree the independent variables explain the dependent variable. According to the results it is seen that the managerial skills among the independent variables explain manager efficiency which is a dependent variable at 78% rate, while managerial skills which are independent variables explain dependent variable manager effectiveness at 47% rate. There is positive relation at p0,01 (6,740) level between dependent variable top level manager efficiency and middle level management human skills in Table 4. This high relation level shows that, human skills play an important role in manager efficiency in municipalities for administrators at manager and deputy manager levels. High values of communication, motivation and decision-making in scope of factor analysis show that leader properties are important for middle level managers too, for them to be efficient. Also; there is positive relation at p0,01 (2,270) and (2,222) level between top conceptual and technical skills which are independent variables and manager efficiency which is a dependent variable. This result shows that, when the middle level managers who manage the coordination and who act as a bridge between top level managers and low level managers who personally carry out the application, as required by their positions, have both technical and top conceptual skills, this increases the manager efficiency. The independent variables that affect the manager effectiveness which is a dependent variable, are top conceptual skills with p0,05 (1,890) and human skills with p0,05 (1,859) . Although their meaningfulness level is at 0,05 level, an effective middle level manager shall have top conceptual skills in addition to human skills. Therefore, when top conceptual skills and human skills increase 1 (one) unit at p0,05 level, manager effectiveness level increases by 1,890 depending on top conceptual skills and by 1,859 depending on human skills. In this scope the increase in manager effectiveness depends on the increase of top conceptual skills and human skills which are independent variables. In scope of municipalities, a middle level managers effectiveness will increase or decrease based on at what degree top management successfully transmits the vision to subordinates and puts it into practice. The numerical closeness degree of R2 and corrected R2 values in Table 5 to 1 (one), expresses the direct proportion in reaching the reality result. R2 and corrected R2 values, which are 0.83 and 0.82, show at what rate the independent variables explain the dependent variable.   According to the results it is seen that the managerial skills among the independent variables explain manager efficiency which is a dependent variable at 83% rate, while managerial skills which are independent variables explain dependent variable manager effectiveness at 40% rate. There is positive relation at p0,01 (7,193) between dependent variable manager efficiency and human skills which are low level managerial skills, in Table 5. Also, there is positive relation at p0,01 (5,146) level between manager efficiency which is the dependent variable and technical skills which are the independent variable. This two relations reveal that, human skills are important also in low level management level like it is with the others, and they affect manager efficiency at a meaningful extent. Low level management personally manages the application and is the first answerer in the management level in scope of application of works, and therefore technical skills make important contributions to efficiency. This regression analysis as the result of the survey that was carried out in scope of local managements (municipalities) shows that low level managements human skills are efficient in a meaningful way in manager efficiency. Especially communication and motivation among the human skills which are at 0.750 level in scope of the factor, are indispensable properties of low level manager efficiency. Having technical skills is indispensable for the efficiency at this management level, which track the technical works by supervising the works on site. The independent variables that affect the management effectiveness which is a dependent variable are technical skills with p0,01 (2,955). Therefore when the technical skills are increased 1 (one) unit at p0,01 level, the manager effectiveness level increases by 2,955 depending on the technical skills. In this scope the manager effectiveness increase depends on the increase of technical skills degrees, which are independent variables. Carrying out the job effectively will ensure effectiveness of low level management, as the efficiency in scope of municipalities is related to the degree the work is carried out correctly, and how long it lasted. DISCUSSION Effects of conceptual, human and technical manager skills on three different management level manager effectiveness and efficiency are put forward in the study with an application carried out with three district municipality workers in Istanbul. During the factor analysis, it was found more meaningful to evaluate conceptual skills with two factors as strategical conceptual and top level conceptual skills, and to evaluate human and technical skills as one factor (Table-5.4.).   In scope of regression analyses carried out in this way, it is evident that only the strategical conceptual skills have negative relation with manager efficiency, and other skills had a positive relation which generally match up with theoretical information based on literature inquiry (Table-5.7.). When we consider the managers in general, it is seen that except for the negative relation of strategical conceptual skills on manager efficiency, it has positive effects on manager effectiveness while top level conceptual skills, human skills and technical skills have positive effects on both manager efficiency and manager effectiveness (Table-5.7.). Creative thinking, future management and problem-solving among the top level conceptual skills are coming to the forefront as the most important factors that increase manager efficiency (Table-5.4.). An efficient manager shall think creatively to put forward a vision and manage the future with such vision, and be able to use human properties and creative thinking skills well while solving problems. A manager who can do these in their proper place creates an efficient manager perception. This study has revealed that there is a meaningful relation at high degree between human skills and manager efficiency (Table-5.4.).Problem-solving, coordination, communication, motivation and decision-making are also among the human skills that are coming forward as the most important factors that increase manager efficiency (Table-5.4.). The relation between human skills and efficiency determined during the study is in parallel with the literature inquiries. When an efficient manager has good communication with his subordinates and superiors, this motivates his team, ensures coordination and uses other human skills actively. This positively affects a managers high efficiency. For all three level managers (municipalities: top level: Mayor/Deputy mayor, middle level: Manager/Deputy manager and low level: Chief) human skills are at a very important level for manager efficiency. Using a good communication channel to solve problems; ensuring participation by keeping communication strong when making decisions; to motivate when decisions are being applied and to ensure coordination are properties that increase the efficiency of managers from all levels. Especially in scope of service sector managers (municipalities are state organs that deliver service to the people) when the human skills are high, the efficiency of the work and the person who carried out the work increases. In each activity field that requires technical information it is seen that all three management levels the technical skills effect the efficiency in a meaningful way and at high rates (Table-5.7.). Contribution of the technical skill owned by the manager about the performed service to the efficiency is also proportional to usage of human skills when that service is being presented. An efficient manager presents his technical skill with his human skills. In parallel with the literature, the technical skills of chief/low level managers increase the manager efficiency more when compared to other skills (Table-5.10.). When evaluated in scope of municipalities, the reason of high level of contribution of technical skills in efficiency for top level managers is: because of the necessity of being able to give technical answer to peoples questions and having grasp of technical details when a planned work is explained by the mayor and deputy mayor and municipality personnel (Table-5.8.). A to p level manager that has grasp of technical details, is seen as an efficient manager who knows what he is doing and who has control over details in the eyes of stakeholders. An efficient manager may have one, two or all of conceptual, human or technical skills. This study revealed which skill of the manager puts him forward as an efficient manager and the abovementioned results were obtained. In scope of this study, when the skill of a manager comes to the foreground, this does not mean the manager does not have the other skills. This study assessed three levels (top, middle and low) of managers and examined the effects of individual manager properties of these three level managers on the manager efficiency. This study which has been carried out on local municipalities may give different results when carried out in different sectors.

Essay on Advances in Technology Raises Ethical Issues

In the past decade informative technology such as video surveillance has been relentlessly overtaking us with great speed. While such technology certainly has the potential to improve the quality and efficiency of our lives, it also raises important ethical issues. For many years the government has been monitoring us through the use of surveillance technologies such as audio recordings, video recordings, databases, and even tapping into our phone calls. While informative technology is neither bad nor good, it can and is used for both and that is humanity’s biggest problem. Due to this, there are many ethical dilemmas that can result from the misuse of informative technology. One such ethical dilemma is whether a government should have the†¦show more content†¦If an individual does not know his or her telephone conversation is being recorded, then ethically, it would be a breach of his or her privacy for someone to use what he or she said against him. This is their rig ht as part of the 4th Amendment in the constitution. However, there are laws that supposedly protect wire-tapping post 9/11that has created room for leeway in the methods and intentions of audio surveillance. These laws are clearly unconstitutional and yet still remain. Surveillance technology is unethical even through the pathos view of persuasion due to the number of false positive leads where innocent citizens have been wrongly accused of crimes that they did not commit due to misinterpreted surveillance taken out of context. In some of these cases citizens have been immediately detained without any sort of charge for fairly long periods of time. In such cases the citizens were released, but not before being subjected to intense invasive interrogation. In all such cases, these citizens were made to suffer through psychological trauma of being arrested and in some cases false representations caused their loss of livelihood. 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One question with prenatal gene manipulation then can be, will employing this technology make a greater numberRead MoreInvasion Of Privacy And Discrimination Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy and Discrimination in a Workplace with the use of Technology, Ethical or Unethical? Technology has enhanced and improved every aspect of our lives and our businesses are no different. Even though we have made huge progress in terms of technology and what not, yet one can always use these technologies in a way that can negatively impact our lives. It all comes down to morality and ethics. In this essay I will be discussing the Ethical issues within Human Resource Management in relation to the invasionRead MoreEssay Reproductive Techniques: In Vitro Fertilization1197 Words   |  5 Pagessome of us no reproductive capabilities. In today’s world advances in reproductive techniques such as invitro fertilization, egg or sperm donation and gestational surrogacy have sparked new interests to women who do not have the ability to reproduce on their own. Legal, moral and ethical issues have been raised about these advanced methods of reprodution used to substitute natural conception and birth. These advanced techniques raise issues concerning the rights and parenthoo d. What does occur inRead MoreThe Second Amendment1080 Words   |  5 Pagesinvestigators had no knowledge of what, if anything, was even on the suspect’s encrypted drives in the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals case, the subject could not be compelled to production under the â€Å"foregone conclusion† doctrine. I do feel that technology is moving too fast for the judicial system to keep up. You know this statement to be true when employers can’t even ask potential employees about their political affiliation, religion or sexual preference without violating the laws. When at theRead MoreEmbryo Harvesting And Genetic Manipulation999 Words   |  4 PagesManipulation Modern Technologies have given rise to preserving family’s lives and heritage all over the globe. One such technology is posthumous conception which involves harvesting and freezing or genetic manipulations like In-Vitro fertilization, Artificial Insemination, and Cryopreservation of gametes (eggs and sperm) and embryos. Numerous families have benefited from posthumous conceptions, but not without raising ethical questions and concerns (Soules, 1999). Posthumous reproduction is an issue that triggers

Biography of King George VI, Britain’s Unexpected King

King George VI (born Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George; December 14, 1895–February 6, 1952) was King of the United Kingdom, Head of the British Commonwealth, and the last Emperor of India. He succeeded to the throne after his older brother, Edward VIII, abdicated. He is the father of Queen Elizabeth II, Britain’s longest-ruling monarch. Fast Facts: King George VI Given Name:  Albert Frederick Arthur GeorgeKnown For: Served as King of the United Kingdom from 1936–1952, following the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. His reign saw Britains victory in World War II as well as the end of the British Empire.Born: December 14, 1895 in Norfolk, EnglandDied: February 6, 1952 in Norfolk, EnglandSpouse: Queen Elizabeth, nee Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (m. 1923-1952)Children: Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth II (b. 1926), Princess Margaret (1930-2002) Early Life George VI, who was known as Albert until he became king, was born to Prince George, then Duke of York (later King George V) and his wife, Mary of Teck. He was their second son, following the birth of his brother Edward the previous year. His birthday was also the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert. To honor the prince—and in deference to Queen Victoria, who was reportedly upset upon hearing the news of the prince’s birth on that day—the family named the child Albert, after the late Prince Consort. Among family, Albert was known as â€Å"Bertie,† like his grandfather the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII). As a boy, Albert suffered from several health problems, including bowed knees and chronic stomach ailments. He also developed the stammer that he would struggle with for the rest of his life. When Albert was fourteen, he began attending the Royal Naval College as a naval cadet; like many royal second sons, he anticipated a military career. Although he struggled in his early studies, he graduated in his training and progressed to training on board a ship in 1913. Duke of York In 1910, Alberts father became King George V, making Albert second in line for the throne behind his brother Edward, who quickly developed a reputation for his hard-partying ways. Albert, meanwhile, had just embarked on his full-fledged naval career when World War I broke out. Although he went through an emergency appendectomy in 1913, he recovered and rejoined the war effort, eventually being mentioned in dispatches for his action during the Battle of Jutland, the largest single naval battle of the war. Albert suffered another medical setback when he had to have surgery for an ulcer in 1917, but he eventually transferred to the Royal Air Force and became the first royal to be a fully certified pilot. He was posted to France in the waning days of the war, and in 1919, after the war had ended, he became a full-fledged RAF pilot and was promoted to squadron leader. He was made Duke of York in 1920, at which time he began taking on more public duties, although his ongoing struggle with his stammer made public speaking difficult. That same year, Albert crossed paths with Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, for the first time since they were children. He fell in love with her immediately, but the path to marriage wasn’t quite so smooth. She rejected his marriage proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, because she wasn’t sure she wanted to make the sacrifices that being a royal would require. By 1923, however, she agreed, and the couple were married on April 26, 1923. Their daughters Elizabeth and Margaret were born in 1926 and 1930, respectively. Ascent to the Throne Albert and Elizabeth lived a relatively quiet life by choice. Albert’s public speaking requirements led him to hire speech therapist Lionel Logue, whose breathing and vocal techniques helped the prince to improve his public speaking abilities. Albert and Logues work together was depicted in the Oscar-winning film The Kings Speech in 2010. Albert supported the improvement of working conditions, served as president of the Industrial Welfare Society, and ran a series of summer camps for boys from a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds from 1921 until the outbreak of World War II. In 1936, George V died and Albert’s brother Edward became King Edward VIII. Controversy immediately erupted, as Edward wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, an American who had divorced her first husband and was in the process of divorcing her second husband. The subsequent constitutional crisis was only resolved when Edward chose to abdicate rather than give up Wallis. He did so on December 10, 1936. Since Edward was unmarried and childless, Albert became king, taking the regnal name George VI in honor of his father. He was crowned in Westminster Abbey on May 12, 1937—the date previously slated for Edward VIII’s coronation. Almost immediately, King George VI was pulled into the controversy over the U.K.’s handling of Hitler’s aggression on the European mainland. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain continued to pursue an appeasement policy, and the king was constitutionally bound to support him. In early 1939, the king and queen visited Canada, making George VI the first British monarch to visit. On the same trip, they visited the United States and formed a rapport with President Franklin D. Roosevelt that would help solidify the American-British ties in the coming years. World War II On September 3, 1939, after Germany failed to respond to an ultimatum issued over their invasion of Poland, the United Kingdom, along with its European allies, declared war on Germany. In spite of constant air raids by the German Luftwaffe, the royal family remained in official residence in London throughout World War II, although they actually split their time between Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. In 1940, Winston Churchill took over as prime minister. Although he and King George VI had a rocky relationship at first, they soon developed an excellent rapport that helped bring the U.K. through the war years. The king and queen made many visits and public appearances to keep up morale, and the monarchy hit a high in popularity. The war came to an end in 1945, and the following year, London hosted the first assembly of the United Nations, with George VI making an opening address. Later Years and Legacy In the years after the war, King George VI turned to matters of his own empire, which entered a decline in influence and power on the world stage. India and Pakistan declared independence in 1947, and Ireland left the Commonwealth altogether in 1948. When India officially became a republic, George VI took on a new title: Head of the Commonwealth. King George VI had suffered health problems all his life, and the combination of stress from the war and his heavy smoking habits led to a series of major health scares in the late 1940s. He developed lung cancer, as well as arteriosclerosis and other diseases, and underwent multiple surgeries. Princess Elizabeth, his heir, took on more and more of his duties, although she was recently married and starting a family with her husband, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. On the morning February 6, 1952, King George VI was found in his room at Sandringham, having died in his sleep. His daughter Elizabeth immediately became Queen Elizabeth II at the age of 25; she is the longest reigning queen regnant of all time. He is buried in St. George’s Chapel, and the remains of his wife Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother and his younger daughter Margaret have since been interred alongside him. King George VI was never supposed to be king, but he reigned over the later years of Britain as an imperial power and saw the nation through one of its most dangerous eras. Sources Bradford, Sarah. The Reluctant King: The Life and Reign of George VI, 1895 – 1952. St. Martin’s Press, 1990.â€Å"George VI.† Biography, 2 April 2014, https://www.biography.com/people/george-vi-9308937.Howarth, Patrick. George VI: A New Biography. Hutchinson, 1987.Smith, Sally Bedell. Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch. Random House, 2012.

Social Media s Influence On Modern Consumerism - 1272 Words

Social media’s prevalent influence on modern consumerism has benefited the producer, whether large conglomerates or small businesses, and has provided better consumer protection for the global market. Political, Economic, and Social Power in Communication Prior to analyzing the role social media has on an increasingly more global consumer culture, it is important to study and recognize the causes for the United States’ growing prosperity and the underlying trends that begin to emerge. The United States’ Northern economy was always more robust than its southern counterpart due to its inability to grow cash crops and its abundance of natural resources. During colonial times, the North’s economy relied on trading, shipbuilding, and fishing,†¦show more content†¦Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin enabled United States to become the world’s leading producer of cotton. In addition to the cotton gin, Whitney’s interchangeable parts made way for easily replacing faulty parts, but also inspired standardizing the sizing of clothing. A standard model for clothing sizes made way for the mass production of clothing in factories, which rapidly industrialized the United States. The industrialization of the United States provided a new source of income for families and diversified the jobs available for women. It not only modernized the textile industry, but also led to advancements in communication and banking, which also inspir ed the concept of modern economics. The first commercialized telegraph was invented during that time, and it allowed for the rise of banks and financiers and later stock exchanges in London and New York. The modern philosophic ideas about economics, based on the improvements made during the Industrial Revolution, was also written by Adam Smith in â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†. The 1920s in the United States was time of prosperity for the country where the standard of living rose, incomes increased, and technological advances met entertainment; this propagated the perfect opportunity for a consumerism upsurge. Although automobiles, radios, and mail-order catalogs existed well before the Roaring Twenties, their sales went up as American ideals shifted from avoiding unnecessary costs toShow MoreRelatedThe Mass Decline Of Childhood Identity And The Social Implications Involved899 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout modern society, children have become the primary consumers of marketing (Hill, 2011, p. 348). As the documentary Consuming Kids illustrates, infants are easily deceived by society, culture, and especially media scams (Barbaro, 2008). Marketing has shifted the focus of children from traditional playing to various consumerist desires. This paper will explore the causes of the mass decline in childhood identity and the social implications involved. The im pact of marketing for children willRead MoreYouth And The Hip Hop Youth Culture1695 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermined by ways of living and they revolve around peer groups that stress a definitive style of living as an external designation of affiliation and appearance. In this essay, I will analyse how globalisation, popular culture, and consumerism emerge as factors that influence the participation of young people in the hip-hop youth culture in Australia. I will also apply the human ecological theory in order to facilitate the understanding of factors that affect youth participation in the hip-hop cultureRead MoreWhy People Buy Unneeded Things Essay905 Words   |  4 Pages â€Æ' Consumer society Nowadays, there is always a reason to go shopping. But if there is something that can motivate us â€Å"to go shopping† are the Valentines days, the Christmas days, black Friday, July 4, television channels, social media, outlets, discount center, etc. All those strategies which catch our attention from the fundamental or basics needs. After all, people have a basement with a lot of stuff useless and a closet full of clothes and with nothing to wear (attention to girls). So why peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of Herbert Marcuses One Dimensional Man872 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosopher, wrote his book One-Dimensional Man in the 1960’s during at the height of the Cold War. The book One Dimensional Man was both influential and highly critical of modern industrial capitalism and as Marcuse believed, its subsequent exploitation of people and nature, as well as its contribution to modern consumer culture and new forms of social control. One Dimensional Man offers an analysis of the n ew state of consumerism during the 1960’s through a critical lens. This essay will focus on OneRead MorePositive And Negative Aspects Of Advertising1695 Words   |  7 Pagesissues, the promotion of unnecessary consumerism, psychological effects on learning, how younger generations are becoming less receptive, and the adverse affects on society as a whole. Regardless of the conflicting viewpoints it is best to be knowledgeable about the positive and negatives of the subject overall to be a well rounded informed and conscientious consumer. As a student, I am sure you are well informed about various technologies and forms of social media, not to mention, the endless adsRead MoreAmerican Rock N Roll Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages American Rock ’n’ Roll was a huge influence on the idea of Pop as it affected young people and gave them their own distinct interests. Pop figures at the time such as Elvis Presley and the Beatles gripped the youth of the mid-20th century and defined a discernible difference between the young and the old. Post-war depression was replaced by a youthful optimistic spirit, which allowed for expression of self among the youth of American society. The optimistic spirit offered by pop culture icons allowedRead MoreThe Principles And Values Of Society966 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many attributes to society that allow individuals to engage in meaningful relationships with others that create and maintain social communities. Features within communities such as institutions, beliefs and values play an important role in these maintaining societies and governing communities all over the world. This paper sets out to describe and demonstrate these core structures of society, the institutions, beliefs and values and the way they function to maintain the society form weRead MoreBranding, Advertising, And Marketing Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesIt is interesting to see how branding, advertising, and marketing, that are in place to achieve specific commercial goals, completely rely upon the complex elements of human psychology, as well as on how cultural norms and values influence the individual. This has in fact been an integral concern of marketing historically; the mere presenting of a product or service is ineffective unless some reflection of its deeper value or meaning to the potential consumer is reinforced. In the mid-20th centuryRead MoreConsumerism : A Social And Economic Order Within America Propelled Essay1777 Words   |  8 PagesHistory s records often overlook ordinary people, but collectively, they make significant and abiding social change. A social and economic order within America propelled, perhaps unconsciously, by the people, is con sumerism. Originating in the nineteenth century, consumerism revolutionized the way individuals thought, behaved, and interacted with each other. Coming into full bloom during the Industrial Revolution, consumerism fueled a new desire for material goods, unnecessary for and unrelatedRead MoreA Standard Definition Of Ethics1328 Words   |  6 Pagesbuy from unethical companies. The media has growing interest in global ethical issues and publicizing them. Companies have an obligation to ensure shareholders receive a fair return on their investment (Health 2014). Consumerism is the promotion of the consumer’s interests, the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable Economic consumerism promotes global development, the aim to achieve higher standards of living. Ethical consumerism can be defined as the practice of

A Leadership Journey Free Essays

string(78) " prevailing beliefs within the culture that impacts what employees attend to\." A LEADERSHIP JOURNEY. Created by SHARATH KUMAR Abstract The paper records the evolution of the author’s thinking on leadership through the course of his work involvement. Leadership is viewed as a dynamic process which consists formal and informal roles. We will write a custom essay sample on A Leadership Journey or any similar topic only for you Order Now The process is introduced as an individual recognizes opportunities and urged to answer back to evolving patterns and pledge action to enable positive change. The dynamics between formal and informal leadership structures and leadership as a state of mind are conferred. The following paper shows a reflection on my personal journey and growing understanding of leadership based on my work experience. As I look back in time, I identify that most of my current interest in leadership and complexity has evolved. This paper archives the development of my view about leadership. Stages in the Journey Over my career I have experienced various milestones that have shaped and inclined my perspectives on leadership. Vitally I have witnessed my role as a leader as one who pronounces and puts into action a vision that inspires others to join in to an extent at least. Along the way, the instability of resistance to that vision that has been the extreme influence on restricting my focus and ideology about leadership, as I’ve fought to overcome obstacles. Now I leadership as a dynamical distributed process among performers. I believe I have inculcated an informal methodology similar to grounded theory, as I take in information on the area concerned, formulate a theory and then test and modify that theory actively. There have been crowning events that have shaped my perspectives about leadership. I evoke the poignant enthusiasm of joining the company. I had been employed as Assistant Chief Information Officer multinational company. My position in the company in my opinion was a dream job – aiding in devising a long-term strategy for the growth of the business unit from a process and technology perspective. I instantly noted operational issues and developed suggestions to address them. Although, my dream was shattered as I soon I was made to realize my position and the inclination of the management team to clinch new ideas were not necessary. Organization as Organism My first day at work struck by the oppression of meetings absorbed so much time there was no time left to do work. Employees were exasperated because they had no access to their managers for direction. Projects were not being completed in a time due to the perspective experts needed on them were unavailable due to other bookings. Organizational beliefs about alliance needed key employees that were patrons to a project indulge in discussion and decision making. Still, decision making was a tremendously slow process as it lacked clarity as to who had the decision making authority. A group would discuss the issue because one key person was not present (being double booked in another meeting) hence, the decisions were not finalized. Line of meetings being unresolved was common. Although I was brought into a company as a change agent tasked to bring strategic change to the business unit, I realized that it was not truly the case. Interest in change was driven by the instantaneous short term demands of particular clients, executives. At this point I managed to gather a team responsible for coordinating technology linked projects. After extensive talks with my head, the team that reported to me was handed over to someone else, and I was to report to this new head as an independent contributor. This change was an extremely difficult period for me, yet important in shaping my views of leadership. This was a period where deep reflection on my sense of identity, my values, and sense of personal integrity was brought out. I interpreted this change as the system. I will speak more about what I learnt of the change in a later section. A new major acquisition had just been signed and the focus had shifted from long-term strategy to short term integration. After six months in the position, I moved out of the business unit to work with a larger parent company. My favorite definition of leadership relics Sun Tzu in the Art of War: â€Å"The way [of leadership] means inducing the people to have the same aim as the leadership, so that they will share death and share life, without fear of danger† (Sun Tzu, 2005, p. 43). The definition recognizes the collaborative dynamic that leader and follower share– both share the benefits and risks in its pursuit. Moreover, Senge’s work presented me to systems thinking and understanding the unified wholeness of organizations. This view was reinforced by my study of Neurolinguistic Programming and Neuro-Semantics, understanding human communications and the way in which we learn to construct our mental maps of the area. I saw conscious decisions to be freeing and challenging at the same time. This commitment was a challenging as I began to explore the process of leadership outside the hierarchical power structure that could command action by positional authority. Now as an independent contributor I found myself able to lead freely in a variety of ways, highlighting the need of influence in the contexts that I was called for. I mentally stepped back from the situation and took a look at the business, it’s internal and external stakeholders. I would foresee the recede and flow of people as they enthused about their work, the processes of numerous departments that enabled this organism to be effective. I also realized that minor issues evolved into major problems. I witnessed that an aspect of leadership is to distinguish this ebb and drift of the organization and identify the systemic pain points – soon enough so that adequate time is available to resolve the pain points. Often key issues remain intact solely because the situations have not reached the pain point to seize adequate attention. Partly it appeared to be an issue of prioritization; partly a problem of prevailing beliefs within the culture that impacts what employees attend to. You read "A Leadership Journey" in category "Papers" A fundamental belief I have about leadership is that the leader is one who recognizes a potential future and asserts in motion actions that move those involved. Disequilibrium Disequilibrium is a vital situation in the dynamics of an organization, point at which the possibility for self-excelling construction of novel approaches to specific challenges to occur. The pressures associated with disequilibrium is the point when pain thresholds reach a important point that gives an organization to be receptive to emerging possibilities. Although, there are differences in the role that leadership plays in such situations. I was one of the senior employees called to speak to the other employees after the declaration that the company was to be closed. After weeks of discussions of the positive doles of the merger, one hundred and fifty people were told of losing their jobs (a third of them, the very day! I bid everyone to come together, acknowledged that there had been a death in the family and we knew where we all stood. Also, I was able to distribute a booklet to each employee on tackling with consequences of a merger. I had prepared these booklets without awareness of what the outcome of the merger would be. After discussions with the employees post meeting, I got validation for the value of the confab in bringing about a collective sense of acce ptance to the veracity we faced. They also agreed that the booklet carried a tangible sense of being cared for in the development. There is a paradoxical dynamic to disequilibrium states. A disequilibrium state can although have the inverse effect occasioning in a resistance to transformation. In my understanding, the test of leadership is the capacity to anticipate and influence change afore the state of disequilibrium becomes serious. My sense of obscurity assisted as a motivator to securing the â€Å"merger transition† booklets prior to the settlement of the merger (It was intuited that the result may not be as favorable as had formerly been voiced by management). As organizations operate as complex adaptive systems, the dynamics leading to disequilibrium usually exist as symptoms which could be observed and responded before the problem becomes serious. In this context, the process of (proactive) leadership shows self-regulating effect in the organization by permitting the process of self-transcending structure. Leadership as a Process Concluded by my experiences I see leadership as an ongoing process that befalls in human organizations through the interplay of formal and informal relationships. Leadership as a process is personified by actors who respond to a situation. Therefore, the manager should be able to carry more complex thinking to issues that a subordinate may encounter, and bring value to understanding the work. Similarly, the subordinate is responsible for sharing visions about the work with his/her manager who can pass on the developments and insights further up the hierarchy. Whatever skills I may have in endorsing leadership may be totaled by ineffective structure in the system. In fact, I point the lack of an obligatory organizational structure as one if not the major inhibitions to organizational ineffectiveness within my work environment. Leadership as a State of Mind To finish, I have come to see leadership as a state of mind. This lures originally from the work of Robert Quinn (2004), which recommends that there are certain states that act as attractors for the performer to take action that can be viewed as leadership in a particular setting. The Fundamental State of Leadership (FSL) generates the internal context that motivates the performer to respond and is replicated in interrelated attitudes, which Quinn gaps with opposing attitudes reflecting the â€Å"normal state. The FSL serves two functions: mainly by creating an attractor that boosts active behavior that aids the greater betterment of the organization. Second it gives way for the performer to be more aware of his/her perceptions and arrays of behavior. In the year of my tenure with my employer, I was aware of the requirement for a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system to be able to serve the organization and needs of its customers efficiently. My suggestions met substantial confrontation with management as an earlier attempt to put in a CRM system had been unsuccessful. I was determined in expressing this requisite – to the point that my manager expressed that if I brought the matter up again I would be left out from management meetings. And then came the day when he wanted a current clients list and found out that our current systems could not yield an accurate list. All of a sudden putting in a new system became a primacy- months after the actual recommendation. In an akin manner, as I transitioned to a role in the parent company, I piloted a research, which headed me to an awareness of the important of e-business and germaneness for the growth of the company. I became a fervent advocate of e-business and presented several proposals to senior executives. But, my recommendations were not incorporated, mainly because senior executives did not trust that it was a feasible tool within the industry. Atypically, a few months later there is renewed concern in expanding e-business for the company. These situations reinforced for me a primary norm that the process of leadership is introduced as an actor who recognizes a specific need and makes an effort to take action, even in times of obstacles. This shows an alignment with the core defiance described in the FSL. I end with a case study where I intentionally experienced the FSL in exercising leadership. I took part in a voluntary cross-functional team looking to enhance employee work experience. With gas prices on the hike, there was a strong curiosity in developing a strategy for telecommuting. Numerous solutions were suggested and were instantly shot down by the representative from IT as either being too expensive, too time consuming for the IT staffs, or too risky from a company’s security. I do not terminate the importance and connotation of formal leadership structures, rather I am noting that leadership fundamentally functions as an internal response to attractors that allow self-transcending construction as an answer to a perceived reality. Inside the organizations, the interplay of actors captivating action to lead in formal or informal capabilities is dynamic and complex and outside the scope of this discussion. Note that this portrayal is not intended to reflect deleteriously on the behavior of the IT representative. As an entity caught in the webs of loftier meaning – synchronization of the myriad of service appeals from multiple functional departments with partial resources in staff and dollars can impart a mindset that by a specific technology that had not been discussed. Despite obvious resistance from IT to propose a solution, I decide on doing my own research and found that a technology that had been conversed seemed to offer a sensible compromise on low cost, minimal IT backing, and strong enterprise security. I went back to the board with a bid to pursue this option. This was not a job that was part of my normal work assignment, and also I could have drop the idea. Yet the internal states that fixated on serving the greater good, and sighting the opportunity that this solution could deliver served as an attractor to endure through the resistance and eventually lead to a successful outcome. Had I opted to stay within my comfort zone, the new process and organizational dynamics would not have been developed. I’ve gratified on a number of aspects of the leadership process, which I have garnered through my work experience. In summary, I have emanated to see leadership as a dynamic process that ensues in human organizations as actors identify emerging possibilities and elect to take action. The inclination to do so is sturdily related to the actor’s internal states, and engagement of the Fundamental State of Leadership. Lastly, the efficiency of the actor may be wedged by the actor’s sphere of influence and by the actors’ formal or informal eminence and authority to act, and organizational willingness to embrace the transformation. I aspire to further develop these understandings as I linger my graduate studies. REFERENCES Goldstein, J. A. (2007). A New Model of Emergence and its Leadership Implications. In Complex Systems Leadership Theory, Exploring Organizational Complexity (Vol. 1). Mansfield, MA: ISCE Publishing. Jaques, E. (1989). Requisite Organization: A Total System for Effective Managerial Organization and Managerial Leadership for the 21st Century : Amended (2nd ed. , p. 288). Baltimore: Cason Hall Co Pub. McGhee, G. , Marland, G. R. , Atkinson, J. (2007). Grounded theory research: literature reviewing and reflexivity. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(3), 334-342. doi: 10. 1111/j. 365- 2648. 2007. 04436. Senge, P. M. , Kleiner, A. , Roberts, C. , Ross, R. , Smith, B. (1994). The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook (1st ed. , p. 608). New York: Doubleday Business. Senge, P. M. , Kleiner, A. , Roberts, C. , Roth, G. , Ross, R. , Smith, B. (1999). The Dance of Change: The Challenges to Sustaining Momentum in Learning Organizations (1st ed. , p. 224). New York: Doubleday Business. Tzu, S. ( 2005). Trans. Cleary, T. The Art of War (p. 224). Boston: Shambhala. Quinn, R. E. (2004). Building the Bridge As You Walk On It: A Guide for Leading Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. How to cite A Leadership Journey, Papers

Managing Innovation in Organisation for 3D Printing- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManaging Innovation in Organisation for 3D Printing. Answer: Introduction In past few decades, the technology has developed at a rapid speed due to a number of innovations. Major technological advancements resulted in improving people lives and making their work easier. This report will focus on 3D printing technology and analyse how it has marked as a major progress milestone in the technology sector. The 3D Printing technology is also called Additive manufacturing because it creates new objects or products by adding layers (McMenamin, Quayle, McHenry Adams, 2014). Other traditional forms of manufacturing are called subtractive manufacturing because they subtract material from objects in order to create new once. The 3D Printing technology has the potential to change manufacturing industry and positively influence peoples lives. This report will focus on manufacturing area of 3D printing technology and discuss its subtypes. This report will examine the major milestones in the 3D Printing technology and evaluate how it has affected organisations managemen t approach by analysing different examples. Further, this report will provide three future developments for 3D Printing technology by analysing its future influence. Area and Subtypes of 3D printing The 3D printing technology was first introduced in 1986 when Charles Hull created first ever 3D printer. After that, the technology has branched into different fields such as manufacturing, healthcare, production and others (Mueller, 2012). The area in which 3D printing technology has influenced the most is manufacturing field. 3D printing in Manufacturing Additive manufacturing process is most suitable for the production of new products or objects because of its number of benefits such as zero wastage, easy creation of complex objects, high level of detailing and others. Many manufacturing companies started investing in 3D printing technology in order to take its full advantage in their production operations (Vaezi, Seitz Yang, 2013)). Use of 3D printing in production process allows organisations to reduce material costs in the process. It has the potential to make manufacturing process extremely precise and infinite. The technology did not subtract materials which reduce the requirement for extra material. With the advancement of technology, the 3D printing technology is also able to use different materials in the production process which provide different options to manufacturers. It also reduces the requirement of labour costs since it is an automated process and does not require a large number of employees to work properly (Wong Hernandez, 2012). Therefore, it can be stated that 3D printing has a substantial influence on the manufacturing field and its different areas. Subtypes of 3D printing Following are different subtypes of 3D printing technology which can be used by organisations for different purposes. Vat Photopolymerisation In this process, a 3D printer is used that has a container filled with photopolymer resin which is hardened by use of a UV light. Stereolithography (SLA): In this process, an ultraviolet light hardened the curable photopolymer by tracing and creating cross sections on the surface of liquid resin (Wang, Goyanes, Gaisford Basit, 2016). Digital Light Processing (DLP): In this method, companies use light and photosensitive polymers to create new objects; it is very similar to Material Jetting In this method, the material is applied in the droplet by using a small diameter nozzle. This method is similar to a common inkjet paper printer; however, in this process, the material is applied layer-by-layer to create a 3D object (Gaytan et al., 2015). Contour Crafting This process uses the power of additive manufacturing to build houses for people. It uses the robotic device in order to automate the construction of large structures like houses. Most Importance Milestones Other than the first introduction of a 3D printer in 1986 by Charles Hull, the technology has further developed substantially by marking a number of major process milestones. Following are few of its examples. Industrial After building of first ever 3D printer by Charles Hull, the patent for Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) was applied by Carl Deckard (Mazzoli, 2013). In the automotive industry, Ford introduced first every 3D printer in 1986 for prototyping new part designs. Similarly, Boeing started using 3D printing technology for creating complex aircrafts parts which cannot otherwise be created at the high level of accuracy. In 2014, BAE Systems started using 3D printers for creating metal components for defence, security and aerospace purposes (Harwood, 2017). Medical 3D printing technology has made it easier and cheaper to create prosthetic parts, such as legs and arms. The technology has made it easier for corporations to create these parts with a high level of accuracy and making them easily available for people who require them worldwide. From 1999 to 2010, the 3D printing technology started revolutionising the medical industry and at the same time, first ever human organ created using a 3D printer which was a human bladder. After that, it becomes easier for healthcare professionals to create blood vessels, miniature kidney, and other human organs (Ventola, 2014). The researchers at Wake Forest Institute were able to use 3D printing technology for creating human skin which was a major milestone. Commercial From 2009, it has become easier for small start-ups and organisations to offer affordable 3D printers to the general public which they can use to build different 3D printed objects. The commercialisation of 3D printing technology is major milestone, and it will provide substantial business opportunities to a large number of organisations (Stabile, Scungio, Buonanno, Arpino Ficco, 2017). Technological In 2016, giant technology corporations such as Hewlett Packard and General Electric started investing in space technology. HPs Multi Jet Fusion technology is based on 3D printing technology which enables the firm to create spaceship components which require a high level of accuracy (Materialise, 2018). Effect of 3D printing technology on Organisations Following are different companies which harness the potential of 3D printing technology and use it to gain a competitive advantage. General Electric The company use 3D printers to create more than 85,000 fuel nozzles for Leap jet engines. The finished products from 3D printers are much lighter and accurate then compared to its alternatives which reduce its overall costs. The management is able to ensure that parts are created by using low costs materials, and the components are created with high level of accuracy. However, the ability of 3D printers to create new nozzles is relatively slower which require innovations to speed up the process (Conner et al., 2014). Boeing Boeing was an early adopter of 3D printing technology, and it has used the technology to create more than 20,000 parts for ten different commercial and military planes. The management also invests in additive manufacturing programs in University of Nottingham and University of Sheffield in order to ensure that they are able to improve the technology and use it in mass production (Lipson Kurman, 2013). Ford The management of Ford realised the potential of 3D printing technology from the early 1980s, and recently the company printed its 500,000th part by using a 3D printer. The management has invested in 3D printing technology because by using traditional methods it would take around four mounts and $500,000 to create its products whereas 3D printers are able to do the same job in four days and $3,000 (Ford, 2015). Therefore, 3D printing technology provides a competitive advantage to Ford over its competitors because the firm is able to reduce its time and resources in the production process. Recommendations Following are three recommendations for future development of 3D printing technology for organisations which can assist them in gaining a competitive advantage. Additive manufacturing is the future of production operations, and organisations are requiring investing in the technology in order to gain competitive advantage. The leading corporations such as General Electric, Ford and Boeing realised the potential of 3D printing technology in the 1980s, and they started investing in the technology which provided them a competitive advantage. Similarly, other manufacturing companies should invest in using 3D printers in their manufacturing process to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. The companies should invest in 3D printing technologys research and development programs for developing the technology. Although the technology has grown substantially since its first introduction in the 1980s, however, it has not achieved its full potential. Similarly, like Boeing, corporations should invest in 3D printing programs for developing the technology and making it more suitable for their operations. 3D printers offer a prominent market to organisations, and they should invest in creating more affordable printers for the general public. In the future, people will be able to create new objects at home by using 3D printers which will disrupt the manufacturing industry. Therefore, organisations and start-ups should invest in creating affordable and easy 3D printers for people. Conclusion In conclusion, the 3D printing technology was first developed in the 1980s, and it has developed exponentially since then. The technology enables organisations and people to create complex objects easily and in relatively less time than compared to traditional methods of productions. The technology has a substantial influence on manufacturing field since it enables companies to create new objects without expensive machinery and labour. Major milestones of the technology in different field such as medical, productions, commercial and technology are discussed in the report. The technology has affected management approach in organisations such as Ford, General Electric and Boeing since it allows them to create complex machinery components without incurring heavy costs. Various recommendations are given in the report for organisations regarding 3D printing technology such as increases in investment in 3D printers will allow them to reduce costs and increase the efficiency of operations. Organisations should increase the investment in research and development of 3D printing technology, and they should introduce new commercial 3D printers for the general public. These recommendations can assist organisations in using 3D printing technology effectively which will provide a competitive advantage and sustain their future growth. References Conner, B. P., Manogharan, G. P., Martof, A. N., Rodomsky, L. M., Rodomsky, C. M., Jordan, D. C., Limperos, J. W. 2014. Making sense of 3-D printing: Creating a map of additive manufacturing products and services.Additive Manufacturing,1, 64-76. Ford. 2015. 3d Printing Helps Ford to Develop All-New Ford GT And Means You Can Build A Supercar At Home. Retrieved from https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/feu/gb/en/news/2015/11/20/3d-printing-helps-ford-to-develop-all-new-ford-gt--and-means-you.html Gaytan, S. M., Cadena, M. A., Karim, H., Delfin, D., Lin, Y., Espalin, D., ... Wicker, R. B. 2015. Fabrication of barium titanate by binder jetting additive manufacturing technology.Ceramics International,41(5), 6610-6619. Harwood, E. 2017. Major Milestones for Additive Manufacturing Companies. Retrieved from https://investingnews.com/daily/tech-investing/3d-printing-investing/major-milestones-additive-manufacturing-companies/ Lipson, H., Kurman, M. 2013.Fabricated: The new world of 3D printing. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Materialise. 2018. Polyamide 3D printing, without the lasers. Retrieved from https://www.materialise.com/en/manufacturing/3d-printing-technology/multi-jet-fusion Mazzoli, A. 2013. Selective laser sintering in biomedical engineering.Medical biological engineering computing,51(3), 245-256. McMenamin, P. G., Quayle, M. R., McHenry, C. R., Adams, J. W. 2014. The production of anatomical teaching resources using three?dimensional (3D) printing technology.Anatomical sciences education,7(6), 479-486. Mueller, B. 2012. Additive manufacturing technologiesRapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing.Assembly Automation,32(2). Stabile, L., Scungio, M., Buonanno, G., Arpino, F., Ficco, G. 2017. Airborne particle emission of a commercial 3D printer: the effect of filament material and printing temperature.Indoor air,27(2), 398-408. Vaezi, M., Seitz, H., Yang, S. 2013. A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,67(5-8), 1721-1754. Ventola, C. L. 2014. Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses.Pharmacy and Therapeutics,39(10), 704. Wang, J., Goyanes, A., Gaisford, S., Basit, A. W. 2016. Stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing of oral modified-release dosage forms.International journal of pharmaceutics,503(1-2), 207-212. Wong, K. V., Hernandez, A. 2012. A review of additive manufacturing.ISRN Mechanical Engineering,2012.

Early Methods of Arts

Question: Discuss about the Early Methods of Arts . Answer: Part 1 The early childhood developers emphasize on two very important things, those are their knowledge about childhood development, and the second is the maturational theories (Sharp 2016). The skills and the ability development of the child depends on the culture that surrounds the child, the experience the child gains and at the same time it is being influenced by the responsive role that is being played by the adults. The Reggio Emilia approach is such an approach that helps in the development of the child, during the early childhood period (Mazzini, Cerullo, Mazzi and Costantini 2016). The particular approach is more an educational philosophy than educational phenomena. A schoolteacher, Loris Malaguzzi after the world war, developed the approach (Wright 2016). The parents of the children and Loris Malaguzzi thought that there should be a new way of learning for the children. In this particular approach, the children are taught the usage of symbolic language in everydays life. The symbo lic language includes things like painting, drama and even sculpting (Adams 2016). The Reggio Emilia approach is not only an innovative approach but at the same time, it is an inspiring approach for those students who are belonging to their early childhood. Thus, this particular approach is used mostly in the pre-schools, where the, educators encourage the students so that they could easily be engaged in the extended project (Wien 2015). The particular approach use drawing, as a graphical language, through drawings the children not only record their ideas but at the same time they record their observation as well as their feelings. The Reggio settings have lots of open space, designed in such a way that could be utilized by the children, to explore different languages (An Everyday Story 2016). The Reggio approach is helpful for the child because through this approach the child could construct his/her own learning. The environment in this particular system of education play an important role because the nature or the environment provides a large space for the children where they had a chance to delve deeper and know and could explore their interest at the same time. The space provides the children with an opportunity, so that they could have collaboration with other children, where they could develop a communication of their own (Lines, Naughton, Roder, Matapo, Whyte. and Liao, 2014). Drawing, sculpting and painting in the Reggio Emilia approach is the representation of the visual thoughts and the expression of the child. Through these forms of art, the child not only discovers its self but at the same time, the adult could have, the visual image of the thought, of the child. The other forms of art such as pretend play, dance, music, and modelling help the child in discovering different languages that the child should not only be aware of but at the same time he/she should be able to nurture and value it as well. The forms of each kind of art, helps the child to all those symbolic languages that are there around them. Another way of teaching the children in this particular method is to provide emphasis on the hands-on discovery. (Figure 1: The Student in a Reggio Emilia Approach Learn Through Different Art Forms Source: An Everyday Story. 2016). Part 2 The art can be utilized in different form in a particular module, to help the children to learn different things, including language. One such module is being presented here, where different art form can be used to help the student to learn a particular language, such as English. The module that would be discussed here, includes, not only the different form of arts that would be used but at the same time it would mention different kind of resources that are required to execute that particular thing. In this case, the module will help the student to learn the English language through different type of art form. The Art Form Used Resources Required Drama Props, in case of a small skid, things like cloths, chair and table would be sufficient. Short Stories Books containing short stories written by different authors. Books with illustrations would be more appealing to the children. Poems and Songs Books, where there are the poems and the poems can be learn by listening. Audio player could help in playing both the songs and a poem that is being recited by someone; it would be appealing to the children. Video player can be used as well, if any particular song or poem has visual graphics. The particular form of module is most appropriate for the students of the age of 2 to 3 years, since audio and visual media has been used here. According to most of the educators the children, who are below the age of 2 years they should not be exposed to any kind of audio or visual media, they believe that these kinds of media actually affect the children below 2 years of age very badly (Mednick 2016). Another form of art, that is the stories, can be used to help the children to learn and at the same time, it would help in developing the imaginative and the creative quality of the children as well. The personal style of the teacher helps the students in the learning process. During the pre-school stage, the students or the children are selfish and they grab the toys of the others, because they want that. Therefore, it is important that the students should be given a space where they could easily socialize; understand those values that are important in a society or in a community. Therefore, the students in the pre-school should involve i different art form and develop these qualities and the teachers should help the children in the process. Thus, the module here shows how the students could develop different kind of valuable quality in the pre-school stage. The Students of the Age 4 to 6 Years: The particular age group is very important for the educators, since during this time the brain of a child is not only developed rather it is over developed at the same time (Smith, 2016). During this particular stage, the students could be taught many things, and different kinds of games could help the student in that process . The teachers could create imaginative situation for the student and should ask the students or the children to carry on with their games. The teacher could also integrate themes in the game and make it interesting for the student. The particular method, give emphasis mostly to the human resource and that is the teacher, who carries out the whole process. The other important resource can be the nature or the environment, resources like balls, could be used as well. The Student of the Age 3 to 5 Years: The children belonging to the age group of 3 to 5 years requires those exercises, which would help in developing their motor movement. In such a time, art form like drawing and sculpture could be very helpful for the children (Hine 2016). The children would have to move a lot if they are drawing on a large sheet of paper or even on the walls. In case of sculpture, also, things are same, and while making a sculpture, the child moves his/her hands, the body parts a lot, and therefore, it helps in developing the body parts. For this particular integration of art form, the things that are required include, drawing papers, colours, of different kind and even the clay. Therefore, the three different modules show the usage of various kinds of art form, for the overall development of the child in his/her early childhood years. References Adams, D., Onibokum, Y., Rowell, G., Staples, J. and Synodi, M. (2016). A GUIDE TO EARLY CHILDHOOD PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT. 1st ed. An Everyday Story. (2016). What is the Reggio Emilia Approach? | An Everyday Story. Hine, C. (2016). Earlychildhood NEWS - Article Reading Center. Earlychildhoodnews.com. Lines, D., Naughton, C., Roder, J., Matapo, J., Whyte, M. and Liao, T., 2014. Move, Act, Play, Sing (MAPS): Exploring Early Childhood Arts Teaching and Learning Strategies and Concepts through Community Arts Interventions. Teaching and Learning Research Initiative. Mazzini, E., Cerullo, L., Mazzi, G. and Costantini, M., 2016. The experience of accreditation of the Reggio Emilia Research Hospital with the OECI model. Tumori, 101, pp.0-0. Mednick, F. (2016). OpenStax CNX. Cnx.org. Sharp, C. (2016). Developing Young Childrens Creativity Through the Arts: What Does Research Have to Offer?. 1st ed. Smith, R. (2016). Educational Leadership. 1st ed. Wien, C.A., 2015. Emergent curriculum in the primary classroom: Interpreting the Reggio Emilia approach in schools. Teachers College Press. Wright, S. (2016). Why Art is Important for Young Children | Education.com. Education.com.