A Leadership Journey Free Essays

string(78) " prevailing beliefs within the culture that impacts what employees attend to\." A LEADERSHIP JOURNEY. Created by SHARATH KUMAR Abstract The paper records the evolution of the author’s thinking on leadership through the course of his work involvement. Leadership is viewed as a dynamic process which consists formal and informal roles. We will write a custom essay sample on A Leadership Journey or any similar topic only for you Order Now The process is introduced as an individual recognizes opportunities and urged to answer back to evolving patterns and pledge action to enable positive change. The dynamics between formal and informal leadership structures and leadership as a state of mind are conferred. The following paper shows a reflection on my personal journey and growing understanding of leadership based on my work experience. As I look back in time, I identify that most of my current interest in leadership and complexity has evolved. This paper archives the development of my view about leadership. Stages in the Journey Over my career I have experienced various milestones that have shaped and inclined my perspectives on leadership. Vitally I have witnessed my role as a leader as one who pronounces and puts into action a vision that inspires others to join in to an extent at least. Along the way, the instability of resistance to that vision that has been the extreme influence on restricting my focus and ideology about leadership, as I’ve fought to overcome obstacles. Now I leadership as a dynamical distributed process among performers. I believe I have inculcated an informal methodology similar to grounded theory, as I take in information on the area concerned, formulate a theory and then test and modify that theory actively. There have been crowning events that have shaped my perspectives about leadership. I evoke the poignant enthusiasm of joining the company. I had been employed as Assistant Chief Information Officer multinational company. My position in the company in my opinion was a dream job – aiding in devising a long-term strategy for the growth of the business unit from a process and technology perspective. I instantly noted operational issues and developed suggestions to address them. Although, my dream was shattered as I soon I was made to realize my position and the inclination of the management team to clinch new ideas were not necessary. Organization as Organism My first day at work struck by the oppression of meetings absorbed so much time there was no time left to do work. Employees were exasperated because they had no access to their managers for direction. Projects were not being completed in a time due to the perspective experts needed on them were unavailable due to other bookings. Organizational beliefs about alliance needed key employees that were patrons to a project indulge in discussion and decision making. Still, decision making was a tremendously slow process as it lacked clarity as to who had the decision making authority. A group would discuss the issue because one key person was not present (being double booked in another meeting) hence, the decisions were not finalized. Line of meetings being unresolved was common. Although I was brought into a company as a change agent tasked to bring strategic change to the business unit, I realized that it was not truly the case. Interest in change was driven by the instantaneous short term demands of particular clients, executives. At this point I managed to gather a team responsible for coordinating technology linked projects. After extensive talks with my head, the team that reported to me was handed over to someone else, and I was to report to this new head as an independent contributor. This change was an extremely difficult period for me, yet important in shaping my views of leadership. This was a period where deep reflection on my sense of identity, my values, and sense of personal integrity was brought out. I interpreted this change as the system. I will speak more about what I learnt of the change in a later section. A new major acquisition had just been signed and the focus had shifted from long-term strategy to short term integration. After six months in the position, I moved out of the business unit to work with a larger parent company. My favorite definition of leadership relics Sun Tzu in the Art of War: â€Å"The way [of leadership] means inducing the people to have the same aim as the leadership, so that they will share death and share life, without fear of danger† (Sun Tzu, 2005, p. 43). The definition recognizes the collaborative dynamic that leader and follower share– both share the benefits and risks in its pursuit. Moreover, Senge’s work presented me to systems thinking and understanding the unified wholeness of organizations. This view was reinforced by my study of Neurolinguistic Programming and Neuro-Semantics, understanding human communications and the way in which we learn to construct our mental maps of the area. I saw conscious decisions to be freeing and challenging at the same time. This commitment was a challenging as I began to explore the process of leadership outside the hierarchical power structure that could command action by positional authority. Now as an independent contributor I found myself able to lead freely in a variety of ways, highlighting the need of influence in the contexts that I was called for. I mentally stepped back from the situation and took a look at the business, it’s internal and external stakeholders. I would foresee the recede and flow of people as they enthused about their work, the processes of numerous departments that enabled this organism to be effective. I also realized that minor issues evolved into major problems. I witnessed that an aspect of leadership is to distinguish this ebb and drift of the organization and identify the systemic pain points – soon enough so that adequate time is available to resolve the pain points. Often key issues remain intact solely because the situations have not reached the pain point to seize adequate attention. Partly it appeared to be an issue of prioritization; partly a problem of prevailing beliefs within the culture that impacts what employees attend to. You read "A Leadership Journey" in category "Papers" A fundamental belief I have about leadership is that the leader is one who recognizes a potential future and asserts in motion actions that move those involved. Disequilibrium Disequilibrium is a vital situation in the dynamics of an organization, point at which the possibility for self-excelling construction of novel approaches to specific challenges to occur. The pressures associated with disequilibrium is the point when pain thresholds reach a important point that gives an organization to be receptive to emerging possibilities. Although, there are differences in the role that leadership plays in such situations. I was one of the senior employees called to speak to the other employees after the declaration that the company was to be closed. After weeks of discussions of the positive doles of the merger, one hundred and fifty people were told of losing their jobs (a third of them, the very day! I bid everyone to come together, acknowledged that there had been a death in the family and we knew where we all stood. Also, I was able to distribute a booklet to each employee on tackling with consequences of a merger. I had prepared these booklets without awareness of what the outcome of the merger would be. After discussions with the employees post meeting, I got validation for the value of the confab in bringing about a collective sense of acce ptance to the veracity we faced. They also agreed that the booklet carried a tangible sense of being cared for in the development. There is a paradoxical dynamic to disequilibrium states. A disequilibrium state can although have the inverse effect occasioning in a resistance to transformation. In my understanding, the test of leadership is the capacity to anticipate and influence change afore the state of disequilibrium becomes serious. My sense of obscurity assisted as a motivator to securing the â€Å"merger transition† booklets prior to the settlement of the merger (It was intuited that the result may not be as favorable as had formerly been voiced by management). As organizations operate as complex adaptive systems, the dynamics leading to disequilibrium usually exist as symptoms which could be observed and responded before the problem becomes serious. In this context, the process of (proactive) leadership shows self-regulating effect in the organization by permitting the process of self-transcending structure. Leadership as a Process Concluded by my experiences I see leadership as an ongoing process that befalls in human organizations through the interplay of formal and informal relationships. Leadership as a process is personified by actors who respond to a situation. Therefore, the manager should be able to carry more complex thinking to issues that a subordinate may encounter, and bring value to understanding the work. Similarly, the subordinate is responsible for sharing visions about the work with his/her manager who can pass on the developments and insights further up the hierarchy. Whatever skills I may have in endorsing leadership may be totaled by ineffective structure in the system. In fact, I point the lack of an obligatory organizational structure as one if not the major inhibitions to organizational ineffectiveness within my work environment. Leadership as a State of Mind To finish, I have come to see leadership as a state of mind. This lures originally from the work of Robert Quinn (2004), which recommends that there are certain states that act as attractors for the performer to take action that can be viewed as leadership in a particular setting. The Fundamental State of Leadership (FSL) generates the internal context that motivates the performer to respond and is replicated in interrelated attitudes, which Quinn gaps with opposing attitudes reflecting the â€Å"normal state. The FSL serves two functions: mainly by creating an attractor that boosts active behavior that aids the greater betterment of the organization. Second it gives way for the performer to be more aware of his/her perceptions and arrays of behavior. In the year of my tenure with my employer, I was aware of the requirement for a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system to be able to serve the organization and needs of its customers efficiently. My suggestions met substantial confrontation with management as an earlier attempt to put in a CRM system had been unsuccessful. I was determined in expressing this requisite – to the point that my manager expressed that if I brought the matter up again I would be left out from management meetings. And then came the day when he wanted a current clients list and found out that our current systems could not yield an accurate list. All of a sudden putting in a new system became a primacy- months after the actual recommendation. In an akin manner, as I transitioned to a role in the parent company, I piloted a research, which headed me to an awareness of the important of e-business and germaneness for the growth of the company. I became a fervent advocate of e-business and presented several proposals to senior executives. But, my recommendations were not incorporated, mainly because senior executives did not trust that it was a feasible tool within the industry. Atypically, a few months later there is renewed concern in expanding e-business for the company. These situations reinforced for me a primary norm that the process of leadership is introduced as an actor who recognizes a specific need and makes an effort to take action, even in times of obstacles. This shows an alignment with the core defiance described in the FSL. I end with a case study where I intentionally experienced the FSL in exercising leadership. I took part in a voluntary cross-functional team looking to enhance employee work experience. With gas prices on the hike, there was a strong curiosity in developing a strategy for telecommuting. Numerous solutions were suggested and were instantly shot down by the representative from IT as either being too expensive, too time consuming for the IT staffs, or too risky from a company’s security. I do not terminate the importance and connotation of formal leadership structures, rather I am noting that leadership fundamentally functions as an internal response to attractors that allow self-transcending construction as an answer to a perceived reality. Inside the organizations, the interplay of actors captivating action to lead in formal or informal capabilities is dynamic and complex and outside the scope of this discussion. Note that this portrayal is not intended to reflect deleteriously on the behavior of the IT representative. As an entity caught in the webs of loftier meaning – synchronization of the myriad of service appeals from multiple functional departments with partial resources in staff and dollars can impart a mindset that by a specific technology that had not been discussed. Despite obvious resistance from IT to propose a solution, I decide on doing my own research and found that a technology that had been conversed seemed to offer a sensible compromise on low cost, minimal IT backing, and strong enterprise security. I went back to the board with a bid to pursue this option. This was not a job that was part of my normal work assignment, and also I could have drop the idea. Yet the internal states that fixated on serving the greater good, and sighting the opportunity that this solution could deliver served as an attractor to endure through the resistance and eventually lead to a successful outcome. Had I opted to stay within my comfort zone, the new process and organizational dynamics would not have been developed. I’ve gratified on a number of aspects of the leadership process, which I have garnered through my work experience. In summary, I have emanated to see leadership as a dynamic process that ensues in human organizations as actors identify emerging possibilities and elect to take action. The inclination to do so is sturdily related to the actor’s internal states, and engagement of the Fundamental State of Leadership. Lastly, the efficiency of the actor may be wedged by the actor’s sphere of influence and by the actors’ formal or informal eminence and authority to act, and organizational willingness to embrace the transformation. I aspire to further develop these understandings as I linger my graduate studies. REFERENCES Goldstein, J. A. (2007). A New Model of Emergence and its Leadership Implications. In Complex Systems Leadership Theory, Exploring Organizational Complexity (Vol. 1). Mansfield, MA: ISCE Publishing. Jaques, E. (1989). Requisite Organization: A Total System for Effective Managerial Organization and Managerial Leadership for the 21st Century : Amended (2nd ed. , p. 288). Baltimore: Cason Hall Co Pub. McGhee, G. , Marland, G. R. , Atkinson, J. (2007). Grounded theory research: literature reviewing and reflexivity. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(3), 334-342. doi: 10. 1111/j. 365- 2648. 2007. 04436. Senge, P. M. , Kleiner, A. , Roberts, C. , Ross, R. , Smith, B. (1994). The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook (1st ed. , p. 608). New York: Doubleday Business. Senge, P. M. , Kleiner, A. , Roberts, C. , Roth, G. , Ross, R. , Smith, B. (1999). The Dance of Change: The Challenges to Sustaining Momentum in Learning Organizations (1st ed. , p. 224). New York: Doubleday Business. Tzu, S. ( 2005). Trans. Cleary, T. The Art of War (p. 224). Boston: Shambhala. Quinn, R. E. (2004). Building the Bridge As You Walk On It: A Guide for Leading Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. How to cite A Leadership Journey, Papers

Managing Innovation in Organisation for 3D Printing- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManaging Innovation in Organisation for 3D Printing. Answer: Introduction In past few decades, the technology has developed at a rapid speed due to a number of innovations. Major technological advancements resulted in improving people lives and making their work easier. This report will focus on 3D printing technology and analyse how it has marked as a major progress milestone in the technology sector. The 3D Printing technology is also called Additive manufacturing because it creates new objects or products by adding layers (McMenamin, Quayle, McHenry Adams, 2014). Other traditional forms of manufacturing are called subtractive manufacturing because they subtract material from objects in order to create new once. The 3D Printing technology has the potential to change manufacturing industry and positively influence peoples lives. This report will focus on manufacturing area of 3D printing technology and discuss its subtypes. This report will examine the major milestones in the 3D Printing technology and evaluate how it has affected organisations managemen t approach by analysing different examples. Further, this report will provide three future developments for 3D Printing technology by analysing its future influence. Area and Subtypes of 3D printing The 3D printing technology was first introduced in 1986 when Charles Hull created first ever 3D printer. After that, the technology has branched into different fields such as manufacturing, healthcare, production and others (Mueller, 2012). The area in which 3D printing technology has influenced the most is manufacturing field. 3D printing in Manufacturing Additive manufacturing process is most suitable for the production of new products or objects because of its number of benefits such as zero wastage, easy creation of complex objects, high level of detailing and others. Many manufacturing companies started investing in 3D printing technology in order to take its full advantage in their production operations (Vaezi, Seitz Yang, 2013)). Use of 3D printing in production process allows organisations to reduce material costs in the process. It has the potential to make manufacturing process extremely precise and infinite. The technology did not subtract materials which reduce the requirement for extra material. With the advancement of technology, the 3D printing technology is also able to use different materials in the production process which provide different options to manufacturers. It also reduces the requirement of labour costs since it is an automated process and does not require a large number of employees to work properly (Wong Hernandez, 2012). Therefore, it can be stated that 3D printing has a substantial influence on the manufacturing field and its different areas. Subtypes of 3D printing Following are different subtypes of 3D printing technology which can be used by organisations for different purposes. Vat Photopolymerisation In this process, a 3D printer is used that has a container filled with photopolymer resin which is hardened by use of a UV light. Stereolithography (SLA): In this process, an ultraviolet light hardened the curable photopolymer by tracing and creating cross sections on the surface of liquid resin (Wang, Goyanes, Gaisford Basit, 2016). Digital Light Processing (DLP): In this method, companies use light and photosensitive polymers to create new objects; it is very similar to Material Jetting In this method, the material is applied in the droplet by using a small diameter nozzle. This method is similar to a common inkjet paper printer; however, in this process, the material is applied layer-by-layer to create a 3D object (Gaytan et al., 2015). Contour Crafting This process uses the power of additive manufacturing to build houses for people. It uses the robotic device in order to automate the construction of large structures like houses. Most Importance Milestones Other than the first introduction of a 3D printer in 1986 by Charles Hull, the technology has further developed substantially by marking a number of major process milestones. Following are few of its examples. Industrial After building of first ever 3D printer by Charles Hull, the patent for Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) was applied by Carl Deckard (Mazzoli, 2013). In the automotive industry, Ford introduced first every 3D printer in 1986 for prototyping new part designs. Similarly, Boeing started using 3D printing technology for creating complex aircrafts parts which cannot otherwise be created at the high level of accuracy. In 2014, BAE Systems started using 3D printers for creating metal components for defence, security and aerospace purposes (Harwood, 2017). Medical 3D printing technology has made it easier and cheaper to create prosthetic parts, such as legs and arms. The technology has made it easier for corporations to create these parts with a high level of accuracy and making them easily available for people who require them worldwide. From 1999 to 2010, the 3D printing technology started revolutionising the medical industry and at the same time, first ever human organ created using a 3D printer which was a human bladder. After that, it becomes easier for healthcare professionals to create blood vessels, miniature kidney, and other human organs (Ventola, 2014). The researchers at Wake Forest Institute were able to use 3D printing technology for creating human skin which was a major milestone. Commercial From 2009, it has become easier for small start-ups and organisations to offer affordable 3D printers to the general public which they can use to build different 3D printed objects. The commercialisation of 3D printing technology is major milestone, and it will provide substantial business opportunities to a large number of organisations (Stabile, Scungio, Buonanno, Arpino Ficco, 2017). Technological In 2016, giant technology corporations such as Hewlett Packard and General Electric started investing in space technology. HPs Multi Jet Fusion technology is based on 3D printing technology which enables the firm to create spaceship components which require a high level of accuracy (Materialise, 2018). Effect of 3D printing technology on Organisations Following are different companies which harness the potential of 3D printing technology and use it to gain a competitive advantage. General Electric The company use 3D printers to create more than 85,000 fuel nozzles for Leap jet engines. The finished products from 3D printers are much lighter and accurate then compared to its alternatives which reduce its overall costs. The management is able to ensure that parts are created by using low costs materials, and the components are created with high level of accuracy. However, the ability of 3D printers to create new nozzles is relatively slower which require innovations to speed up the process (Conner et al., 2014). Boeing Boeing was an early adopter of 3D printing technology, and it has used the technology to create more than 20,000 parts for ten different commercial and military planes. The management also invests in additive manufacturing programs in University of Nottingham and University of Sheffield in order to ensure that they are able to improve the technology and use it in mass production (Lipson Kurman, 2013). Ford The management of Ford realised the potential of 3D printing technology from the early 1980s, and recently the company printed its 500,000th part by using a 3D printer. The management has invested in 3D printing technology because by using traditional methods it would take around four mounts and $500,000 to create its products whereas 3D printers are able to do the same job in four days and $3,000 (Ford, 2015). Therefore, 3D printing technology provides a competitive advantage to Ford over its competitors because the firm is able to reduce its time and resources in the production process. Recommendations Following are three recommendations for future development of 3D printing technology for organisations which can assist them in gaining a competitive advantage. Additive manufacturing is the future of production operations, and organisations are requiring investing in the technology in order to gain competitive advantage. The leading corporations such as General Electric, Ford and Boeing realised the potential of 3D printing technology in the 1980s, and they started investing in the technology which provided them a competitive advantage. Similarly, other manufacturing companies should invest in using 3D printers in their manufacturing process to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. The companies should invest in 3D printing technologys research and development programs for developing the technology. Although the technology has grown substantially since its first introduction in the 1980s, however, it has not achieved its full potential. Similarly, like Boeing, corporations should invest in 3D printing programs for developing the technology and making it more suitable for their operations. 3D printers offer a prominent market to organisations, and they should invest in creating more affordable printers for the general public. In the future, people will be able to create new objects at home by using 3D printers which will disrupt the manufacturing industry. Therefore, organisations and start-ups should invest in creating affordable and easy 3D printers for people. Conclusion In conclusion, the 3D printing technology was first developed in the 1980s, and it has developed exponentially since then. The technology enables organisations and people to create complex objects easily and in relatively less time than compared to traditional methods of productions. The technology has a substantial influence on manufacturing field since it enables companies to create new objects without expensive machinery and labour. Major milestones of the technology in different field such as medical, productions, commercial and technology are discussed in the report. The technology has affected management approach in organisations such as Ford, General Electric and Boeing since it allows them to create complex machinery components without incurring heavy costs. Various recommendations are given in the report for organisations regarding 3D printing technology such as increases in investment in 3D printers will allow them to reduce costs and increase the efficiency of operations. Organisations should increase the investment in research and development of 3D printing technology, and they should introduce new commercial 3D printers for the general public. These recommendations can assist organisations in using 3D printing technology effectively which will provide a competitive advantage and sustain their future growth. References Conner, B. P., Manogharan, G. P., Martof, A. N., Rodomsky, L. M., Rodomsky, C. M., Jordan, D. C., Limperos, J. W. 2014. Making sense of 3-D printing: Creating a map of additive manufacturing products and services.Additive Manufacturing,1, 64-76. Ford. 2015. 3d Printing Helps Ford to Develop All-New Ford GT And Means You Can Build A Supercar At Home. Retrieved from https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/feu/gb/en/news/2015/11/20/3d-printing-helps-ford-to-develop-all-new-ford-gt--and-means-you.html Gaytan, S. M., Cadena, M. A., Karim, H., Delfin, D., Lin, Y., Espalin, D., ... Wicker, R. B. 2015. Fabrication of barium titanate by binder jetting additive manufacturing technology.Ceramics International,41(5), 6610-6619. Harwood, E. 2017. Major Milestones for Additive Manufacturing Companies. Retrieved from https://investingnews.com/daily/tech-investing/3d-printing-investing/major-milestones-additive-manufacturing-companies/ Lipson, H., Kurman, M. 2013.Fabricated: The new world of 3D printing. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Materialise. 2018. Polyamide 3D printing, without the lasers. Retrieved from https://www.materialise.com/en/manufacturing/3d-printing-technology/multi-jet-fusion Mazzoli, A. 2013. Selective laser sintering in biomedical engineering.Medical biological engineering computing,51(3), 245-256. McMenamin, P. G., Quayle, M. R., McHenry, C. R., Adams, J. W. 2014. The production of anatomical teaching resources using three?dimensional (3D) printing technology.Anatomical sciences education,7(6), 479-486. Mueller, B. 2012. Additive manufacturing technologiesRapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing.Assembly Automation,32(2). Stabile, L., Scungio, M., Buonanno, G., Arpino, F., Ficco, G. 2017. Airborne particle emission of a commercial 3D printer: the effect of filament material and printing temperature.Indoor air,27(2), 398-408. Vaezi, M., Seitz, H., Yang, S. 2013. A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,67(5-8), 1721-1754. Ventola, C. L. 2014. Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses.Pharmacy and Therapeutics,39(10), 704. Wang, J., Goyanes, A., Gaisford, S., Basit, A. W. 2016. Stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing of oral modified-release dosage forms.International journal of pharmaceutics,503(1-2), 207-212. Wong, K. V., Hernandez, A. 2012. A review of additive manufacturing.ISRN Mechanical Engineering,2012.

Early Methods of Arts

Question: Discuss about the Early Methods of Arts . Answer: Part 1 The early childhood developers emphasize on two very important things, those are their knowledge about childhood development, and the second is the maturational theories (Sharp 2016). The skills and the ability development of the child depends on the culture that surrounds the child, the experience the child gains and at the same time it is being influenced by the responsive role that is being played by the adults. The Reggio Emilia approach is such an approach that helps in the development of the child, during the early childhood period (Mazzini, Cerullo, Mazzi and Costantini 2016). The particular approach is more an educational philosophy than educational phenomena. A schoolteacher, Loris Malaguzzi after the world war, developed the approach (Wright 2016). The parents of the children and Loris Malaguzzi thought that there should be a new way of learning for the children. In this particular approach, the children are taught the usage of symbolic language in everydays life. The symbo lic language includes things like painting, drama and even sculpting (Adams 2016). The Reggio Emilia approach is not only an innovative approach but at the same time, it is an inspiring approach for those students who are belonging to their early childhood. Thus, this particular approach is used mostly in the pre-schools, where the, educators encourage the students so that they could easily be engaged in the extended project (Wien 2015). The particular approach use drawing, as a graphical language, through drawings the children not only record their ideas but at the same time they record their observation as well as their feelings. The Reggio settings have lots of open space, designed in such a way that could be utilized by the children, to explore different languages (An Everyday Story 2016). The Reggio approach is helpful for the child because through this approach the child could construct his/her own learning. The environment in this particular system of education play an important role because the nature or the environment provides a large space for the children where they had a chance to delve deeper and know and could explore their interest at the same time. The space provides the children with an opportunity, so that they could have collaboration with other children, where they could develop a communication of their own (Lines, Naughton, Roder, Matapo, Whyte. and Liao, 2014). Drawing, sculpting and painting in the Reggio Emilia approach is the representation of the visual thoughts and the expression of the child. Through these forms of art, the child not only discovers its self but at the same time, the adult could have, the visual image of the thought, of the child. The other forms of art such as pretend play, dance, music, and modelling help the child in discovering different languages that the child should not only be aware of but at the same time he/she should be able to nurture and value it as well. The forms of each kind of art, helps the child to all those symbolic languages that are there around them. Another way of teaching the children in this particular method is to provide emphasis on the hands-on discovery. (Figure 1: The Student in a Reggio Emilia Approach Learn Through Different Art Forms Source: An Everyday Story. 2016). Part 2 The art can be utilized in different form in a particular module, to help the children to learn different things, including language. One such module is being presented here, where different art form can be used to help the student to learn a particular language, such as English. The module that would be discussed here, includes, not only the different form of arts that would be used but at the same time it would mention different kind of resources that are required to execute that particular thing. In this case, the module will help the student to learn the English language through different type of art form. The Art Form Used Resources Required Drama Props, in case of a small skid, things like cloths, chair and table would be sufficient. Short Stories Books containing short stories written by different authors. Books with illustrations would be more appealing to the children. Poems and Songs Books, where there are the poems and the poems can be learn by listening. Audio player could help in playing both the songs and a poem that is being recited by someone; it would be appealing to the children. Video player can be used as well, if any particular song or poem has visual graphics. The particular form of module is most appropriate for the students of the age of 2 to 3 years, since audio and visual media has been used here. According to most of the educators the children, who are below the age of 2 years they should not be exposed to any kind of audio or visual media, they believe that these kinds of media actually affect the children below 2 years of age very badly (Mednick 2016). Another form of art, that is the stories, can be used to help the children to learn and at the same time, it would help in developing the imaginative and the creative quality of the children as well. The personal style of the teacher helps the students in the learning process. During the pre-school stage, the students or the children are selfish and they grab the toys of the others, because they want that. Therefore, it is important that the students should be given a space where they could easily socialize; understand those values that are important in a society or in a community. Therefore, the students in the pre-school should involve i different art form and develop these qualities and the teachers should help the children in the process. Thus, the module here shows how the students could develop different kind of valuable quality in the pre-school stage. The Students of the Age 4 to 6 Years: The particular age group is very important for the educators, since during this time the brain of a child is not only developed rather it is over developed at the same time (Smith, 2016). During this particular stage, the students could be taught many things, and different kinds of games could help the student in that process . The teachers could create imaginative situation for the student and should ask the students or the children to carry on with their games. The teacher could also integrate themes in the game and make it interesting for the student. The particular method, give emphasis mostly to the human resource and that is the teacher, who carries out the whole process. The other important resource can be the nature or the environment, resources like balls, could be used as well. The Student of the Age 3 to 5 Years: The children belonging to the age group of 3 to 5 years requires those exercises, which would help in developing their motor movement. In such a time, art form like drawing and sculpture could be very helpful for the children (Hine 2016). The children would have to move a lot if they are drawing on a large sheet of paper or even on the walls. In case of sculpture, also, things are same, and while making a sculpture, the child moves his/her hands, the body parts a lot, and therefore, it helps in developing the body parts. For this particular integration of art form, the things that are required include, drawing papers, colours, of different kind and even the clay. Therefore, the three different modules show the usage of various kinds of art form, for the overall development of the child in his/her early childhood years. References Adams, D., Onibokum, Y., Rowell, G., Staples, J. and Synodi, M. (2016). A GUIDE TO EARLY CHILDHOOD PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT. 1st ed. An Everyday Story. (2016). What is the Reggio Emilia Approach? | An Everyday Story. Hine, C. (2016). Earlychildhood NEWS - Article Reading Center. Earlychildhoodnews.com. Lines, D., Naughton, C., Roder, J., Matapo, J., Whyte, M. and Liao, T., 2014. Move, Act, Play, Sing (MAPS): Exploring Early Childhood Arts Teaching and Learning Strategies and Concepts through Community Arts Interventions. Teaching and Learning Research Initiative. Mazzini, E., Cerullo, L., Mazzi, G. and Costantini, M., 2016. The experience of accreditation of the Reggio Emilia Research Hospital with the OECI model. Tumori, 101, pp.0-0. Mednick, F. (2016). OpenStax CNX. Cnx.org. Sharp, C. (2016). Developing Young Childrens Creativity Through the Arts: What Does Research Have to Offer?. 1st ed. Smith, R. (2016). Educational Leadership. 1st ed. Wien, C.A., 2015. Emergent curriculum in the primary classroom: Interpreting the Reggio Emilia approach in schools. Teachers College Press. Wright, S. (2016). Why Art is Important for Young Children | Education.com. Education.com.

Harvard University Class of 2022 Early Admission Results Are In!

On Tuesday, Harvard University released its early admissions decisions for the Class of 2022 and accepted 14.5% of early applicants. This year 6,630 students applied for admission under the Early Action program, and 964 applicants were accepted into Harvards Class of 2022, The Harvard Crimson reported. The early admission rate held flat at 14.5% even though Harvard had a 2.42% increase in the number of early applications. This increase in number of early applications, not just at Harvard but at universities across the board, appears to be a continuing trend, making early admissions applications a new normal. The early admits of the Class of 2022 is increasingly diverse. Of the 964 admitted students, 1.8% are Native Americans/Native Hawaiians, 9.8% are Latinas, 13.9% are African-Americans, and 24.2% are Asian-Americans. The largest increase for a racial or ethnic group year over year was for Asian-Americans, who comprised of 21.7% of last year’s early admitted students. With Harvard’s strong financial aid program, economic diversity also rose for early admits in the Class of 2022. 10.6% of early admitted students are first-generation college students, and close to 58% of students have applied for financial aid so far. Harvard’s Early Action program is not binding, which means admitted students have until May to decide whether they wish to enroll. Accepted students will be invited to attend Visitas, a weekend visiting program that allows students to experience life on campus to help them make an informed decision about where to enroll. This Year’s Visitas will be held on the weekend of April 21st. In an interview with Dean of Admissions and Financial Aid, William R. Fitzsimmons, earlier this fall, he said Harvard College will accept fewer students into the Class of 2022 in hopes of admitting more students off the waitlist. Harvard admitted an unusually large class last year, as an unexpected number of accepted students matriculated into the university this fall. Harvards early admission program accepted 26 more students this year, so we might be expecting an even lower regular decision acceptance rate this coming spring. Of the 6,630 early applicants, 4,882 were deferred and 611 were denied. The deadline for regular admissions is on January 1st, 2018 and regular admissions decisions will come out on March 28th, 2018. Congratulations to all students who were admitted to Harvard’s Class of 2022! Create a profile and upload your successful college application materials to inspire and help future applicants. Plus, earn some extra money while you’re at it! Got deferred or rejected? Reset and focus on your regular decision applications.Ourpremium plansoffer different levels of profile access and data insights that can help you get into your dream school. Unlock any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto find specific profiles that can help you make an informed choice about where to apply! We have 60,000+ successfulcollege application filesuploaded by college students. See how they got in, and how you can too!

Cathodic Electro Deposition Essays

Cathodic Electro Deposition Essays Cathodic Electro Deposition Essay Cathodic Electro Deposition Essay Electrodeposition Coating Process for Automobile Bodies* By Yoshiaki 0YABU,** Nobuo FURUNO,*** Yoji HIRASAWA*** and Hiroshi OMORI **** Synopsis The earlier electrodeposition processwas mainlypursuitedfor the quality control in terms of mass production. However, the coating efficiency was picked up to be a serial problemfrom a standpoint of the harmony between natural circumstancesand humans living-life conditions and the recovery usage of the paint was earnestlysearched. This trend led to the development in various technicalfields. The second impetus on further improvementof electrodeposition paint was due to oil crisis in 1973. The new technology relating to save-energy was developed. In thepaint industries, the further improvedanti-corrosive performance was strongly demanded. This demand also involvedthe developmentof new materials for automobile bodies and even the design of bodiesstructure. In this report, the introduction of electrodeposition process into automobile industries in Japan is hystrically reviewedand the electrodeposition mechanismand the mechanism which deposited materials from the coating film are briefly explained. As the demandfor anti-corrosiveperformance is increased, the coating system in which the anodic oxidation and the dissolutionfrom the object metal can not occur, was aimed and recentlyit was rapidly accepted as the superior system. On the other hand, there is an oppositeopinionfor this trend on the basis of the metal analysis detectedin the deposited film. The characteristics of cationic electrodeposition,in particular, the superior corrosion resistance with regard to the metal dissolution in the wholeelectrodeposition processis explained. In Chapter III, throwingpower which is characteristic for electrodeposition processis described. It is referred that throwingpower is not necessarily determined by the paint performance. Even the electrodeposition coating system, the areas into which the paint liquid does not intrude can not be coated. And it is pointed out that the design of bodiesstructure is inevitablynecessaryas well as the improvement paint performances. of In Chapter IV, the role of the main component,vehicleresin, is introduced. The deviceswhich disperse resin into solvent` water, and factors which determine the polarity of electrodeposition explained. And the are typical resin structure is shown. The paint performanceis greatly effected by the vehicleresin, but it is also deeplyrelated how thepaint is produced and how it is coated. Therefore, it is inferred that thepaint performances are relativelyestimated. In Chapter V, the whole system of electrodepositioncoating process is given. The so-called ` closed-loopsystem which is remarkably characteristic in electrodeposition process, and which is suitably fitted for mass production of automobile bodies is explained. Besides, the pH control technologyof paint bath and the possibility on its future development are referred. Thefurther improvement the recycleusage technology f paint of o is pointed out and the possibility to replyfor the social needssuch as saveenergyand lesspolution is explained. In Chapter VI, thepresent status of electrodeposition processand various technicalproblemsare explained. The summary of this review and authors views for future development are given in thefinal chapter. I. Introduction The development of the electrodeposition coating echnology in automobile bodies industry commenced around 1964 in Japan. In those days, dip coating of water-borne paint was applied to automobile parts after metal pretreatment, and it was confirmed when voltage was applied, the vehicle was deposited at the electrode. This was the beginning of electrodeposition coating. However, the essential point of this technology was not properly comprehended, while the unpublished work was progressing. Before 1963, the small products to which latex emulsion was mainly applied had been produced industrially. In Great Britain, the first major industrial use of electrodeposition coating system was in 1963 when the Pressed Steel Company commenced priming petrol tanks at their Oxford Works. In U. S. A. , the patent on electrodeposition system for automobile bodies and parts such as wheels was published in 1963 from the Ford Motor Company. And when patents emerged, all the automobile industries aimed at them. As the research was going on, the coating technology was proved to attract us with peculiar interests . such as high corrosion resistance of coating and the superior adaptability to mass production. The paint industries in Japan made a great effort to develop this coating technology, while they introduced it from the developed countries which it was attained in a higher level. The Japanese industries, in particular, automobile industries were in rapid progress, and they invested in the installation for the new coating system. Owing to this days trend, the electrodeposition was satisfactorily accepted by most of automobile industries. And in a short period of time, Japan got ahead of Europe and then U. S. A. n its distribution. In the beginning of electrodeposition paint which was mainly composed of natural oils, the film performance as a primer itself was inferior to that of solvent-type polyester primer modified with epoxy resin by spray coating, but the electrodeposition coating system was not followed in terms of throwing power and the coating efficiency. Around 1971, natural circumstances grew worse in proportion to the rapid progress of industrial products and people became sensitive to the recovery of the nature in Japan. The electrodeposition coating system does not emit an organic solvent in the air and in this point of view it fitted the days demand. How- * ** *** **** Received April 11, 1983. Â © 1983 ISIJ Director of Research Department, Nippon Paint Co. , Ltd. , Minami-shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140. Technical Center, Nippon Paint Co. , Ltd. , Ikeda-nakamachi, Neyagawa 572. Industrial Marine Coatings Division, Nippon Paint Co. , Ltd. , Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553. (994) Review Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 23, 1983 (995) ver, the great mass of water was utilized for rinsing after electrodeposition and it caused the problem of waste treatment. In response to this problem, the treatment of rinsed water was studied, leading to the development of the closed system. In 1969, PPG (the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, U. S. A. ) published the patent on ultrafiltration closed-loop system for electrodeposition coating. The waste treatment of rinsed water after electrodeposition was remarkably impro ved and coating efficiency reached 100 %. This progressed the improvement of the quality and the preparation of large size of ultrafilter and facilitated the industrialization with use of it. Since the oil crisis in 1973, the textile industries were chased up closely by the developing countries which manufactured products cheaply and they were not allowed to keep the technology for mass production. They were demanded to develop the new technological product being provided specific properties by utilizing their fine chemical technology. It can be said that this trend in the textile industries accelerated the development of ultrafilter. In 1975, it happened that an automobile engine was dropped off from the body by severe corrosion of supporting panels which was caused by the salt dispersed on the road in Canada. This led to the big compensation and with a help of its impetus the corrosion protection of automobile bodies were taken as the serial problem which had been prone to be neglected and the design of automobile bodies were begun to study in terms of corrosion protection. Around that time, in order to decrease the weight of automobile bodies, inorganic and organic materials were started to be investigated in esponse to the days demand of saving labor and energy and cationic electrodeposition coating attracted remarkable attention. PPGs patented cathodic electrodeposition system was introduced in 1972. Its first commercial use was for applying the primer on household appliances to gain the advantages of increased detergent resistance and outstanding corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance of cationic ele ctrodeposition coating was far superior to that of anionic one and the former was substituted for the latter in a few years in Japan. In those days, there had been reported only several papers on the steel surface. In the industrial metal pretreatment line which the phosphating bath was controlled in the proper treatment values, even if the satisfied phosphate coating was not obtained due to the variation of steel surface, the phosphating bath was changed to fit the varied steel surface. Around the time cationic electrodeposition coating was examined to apply to the industrial line, there had been technological competition to protect automobile bodies against corrosion either by the improvement of primer paint or by the development of precoated steel plated with Zn, Ni, or Al. However, the cationic electrodeposition paint of PPG was proved to be far ahead of others and most of the automobile industries in the world accepted it. Consequently, the anti-corrosive performance of the precoated steel for automobile bodies came to be evaluated by applying electrodeposition coating to it. Even the steel industries were involved in the world trend from mass production to the development of the functional materials. The steel industries commenced earnestly the development of precoated metal possessing the corrosion resistance, while producing steel by continuous annealing pickling line system. With the development of precoated metal, papers on the analysis and its interpretation on steel surface have begun to appear. (The development of the instrument of chemical analysis has given a big help to them. ) And the technology of the phosphate coating has progressed in combination with the technical reports on steel surface. At present, the electrodeposition system are mainly from PPGs patent. The distribution of primers for automobile bodies in each region is shown in Table 1. At present it is impossible to decide with technical investigations what sort of steels are suitable for automobile bodies. Though one side and both side galvanized steels have been utilized for automobile bodies, the development of corrosion protection would progress as a total technology while giving answers how to select the precoated steel and how to use it. The authors inferred that the essential technology for electrodeposition coating system could be throwing power and the control of deposition bath paint, and carried out the analysis of throwing power and the deposition mechanism in 1969. In the references published in the 1960s, electrodeposition coating is described as ` electrophoretic coating. The authors reported that the film forming reaction was due to water electrolysis, water removal by electroosmosis, aggregation of colloidal particles and their melting by Joules heat. In this review, the technology of the electrodeposition coating system is discussed on the basis of authors work and views referring to many papers and patents. II. Mechanism of Electrodeposition Coating 1. Signj/icance Electrodeposition of Coating Processof AutomobileBodies As structural materials for automobile bodies, steels have been widely utilized as they are supplied cheaply and in large quantities besides their strength. The main purposes of the coating are to protect the substrate from the corrosive attack and to provide it with a good appearance. Table 1. Distribution of primers in each region. (investigated in 1982, autumn) (%) (996) Transactions ISIT, Vol. 23, 1983 The method of applying primers using the electrodeposition coating process has become quite common in the automobile industry, since it was introduced during the 1960s because of its inherent processing advantages. The electrodeposition coating method fits well into the coating process in the automobile industry either as an in-line processing method or as an off-line system. The coating time is short, 2 to 3 min full immersion, for complete bodies or parts , and it coats the exterior, interior, and recessed areas in a single dip application. One technician normally operates the processing system. Bodies or parts to be coated are fully immersed in the electrodeposition bath. The electrodeposition paint formulated proper materials provides a uniform coating over all electrically conductive surfaces in the given coating time. The paint is water-borne. There are also small amounts of solvent present, approximately 5 % or less. This composition and the process efficiency are very compatible with goals to minimize air pollution. When the electrodeposition coating process is used with a ` closed-loop system, it results in high utilization of the paint. Properly designed systems have a paint utilization efficiency approaching 100 %. Most systems are designed to achieve this high efficiency. There are numerous other characteristics of the electrodeposition process, such as non-flammability. Various reactions relating to electrodeposition in connection with the object are reviewed in this chapter. Mechanismof Electrodeposition In anionic electrodeposition developed in the beginning, it was assumed that the deposition was due to the following reaction, where charged water-soluble or water-dispersible macroion R~ was changed to R at the anode. R;R+e Resin particles stabilized by macroion is called hydrophobic colloid. The deposition mechanism was assumed to be electrophoretic deposition of hydrophobic colloidal particles and its coating process was called ` electrophoretic coating process . But, it was failed to explain characteristics of electrodeposition such as superior throwing power and high productivity by the above electrode reaction with an electron transfer. Many reports including the authors research were published and it was clarified that the deposition mechanism was due to the coagulation of hydrophobic colloidal particles by H+ generated by water electrolysis. This result greatly contributed to the development of the cationic electrodeposition coating process. And by the industrial utilization of anionic and cationic electrodeposition, the above mechanism based on electrolysis was widely accepted. In electrodeposition, charged water-soluble or water-dispersible macroions are attracted by the electrode of the opposite polarity where they undergo electrochemical reactions and are deposited. If the 2. electrodepositing vehicle is represented by RX, where R~ is the macroaaion, then R+ will be deposited at the cathode (cathodic electrodeposition). Conversely, with macroanion R-, deposition will take place at the anode (anodic electrodeposition). The anodic electrodeposition relies on carboxyl groups and the cathodic on amine groups. Thus electrodeposition resins are designed and prepared like other coating polymers but are required to carry ion-forming groups, e. g. , -NH2 or -COOH . These resins are utilized in electrodeposition as indicated in Table 2. When the voltage is applied, the main reactions at the electrode are electrolysis of water and the deposition of macroion. 1) Electrolysis of water Anode 2H20 4H++02+4e 40H- p 02+2H20+4e Cathode 4H2O+4e ~ 4OW+2H2 4W+4e -p 2H2 2) Polymer deposition Anionic electrodeposition RCOO-+H+ ~ RCOOH Cationic electrodeposition R3NH++OH- f R3N+H2O As shown in Fig. , anionic electrodeposition and cationic electrodeposition are similarly symmetry. The mechanism of electrodeposition and others would be substantially considered to be the same phenomena. 3~ Table 2. Electrodepositable tion. 2 resins and mode of deposi- Fig. 1. Comparison tionic one. of anionic electrode position with ca- . Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 23, 1983 (997) 3. Mechanismof Film Formation When the constant p otential difference (100 V) was applied, the logarithm of the current was linear to time as shown in Fig. 2. This relationship is called the law of logarithm in the film formation, and indicates that the current decreases due to insulation of the electrode. When the electrodeposition period was longer than 6 sec, this relationship deviated from the linear shape and the square of the reciprocal of the current density became linear to time as shown in Fig. 3. This relationship is called the law of parabola in the film formation, and demonstrates that the mechanism of electroconduction of the electrodeposited film is ionic, controlling the rate of the film formation. From these results the mechanism of the electrodeposition film formation is discussed using the model shown in Fig. 4. When the applied potential difference is low, the melting process of the electrodeposited particles cannot occur. In this case, the particles rinsed off from the electrode by washing with tap water after electrodeposition. As the applied potential difference is increased, the melting process occurs faster. Materials formed by this melting process get increased the electric resistance. But it is not allowed to increase beyond a certain value. The film conduction depends on ionic species in the pin holes which are built up by releasing the bubbles. These bubbles and pin holes are visible although they are very small. The colloidal particles precipitate in the pin holes as shown in Fig. 4, the growing point of the film is no longer adjacent to the electrode but within a diffusion layer a finite distance away from the electrode. When the applied potential difference is too high, the random growing ruptures the uniformity of the film. The film rupture voltage is believed to depend on the rheological properties of the film and the rate of electrolysis. . E ffect of Metal Dissolution When the potential difference is applied in an electrolyte solution, the following metal dissolution may occur at the anode. MÂ ° Mn++ne The redox potential of the metal affects the possibility of the above reaction, and as the potential becomes higher, the reaction possibility becomes larger. But this does not imply the continuous reaction progr ess. When anionic species such as C1 are presented too much in the electrolyte, the dissolution reaction occurs easily and Cr04-, S04- and C03- disturb the above reaction. In anionic electrodeposition, the object is anodized and the following polymer deposition occurs; that is nRC00-+Mn+ p (RC00),z-M Fig. 2. The time relation during between the early the logarithm at of current a constant and period applied potential of 100 V. Fig . 3. The relation between the square that of reciprocal between the curpa- -),andand rent (time rameter p and time (- Fig . 4. A model of the electrodeposited film. In other words, at the anode the dissolution reaction is decreased by the polymer deposition. These reactions would not occur evenly over the automobile bodies, because of their complex-shaped structure. Since the potential difference is not the same in all the locations of automobile bodies, the electrodeposition coating process provides an uneven coating. This would deteriorate the performance of coating such as corrosion resistance and appearance. The dissolved amounts of the metal during reactions differ largely in electrodeposition bath compositions. And they are affected by the surface treatment of the steel. The adaptability of the newly developed metal materials should be strictly examined. In cationic electrodeposition the object is the cathode, and the above mentioned anodic dissolution reaction does not occur at the object. This point was aimed at and the cationic electrodeposition coating process has been developed which gives an excellent corrosion resistance. Anderson4; analyzed the metal in cationic electrodeposition films and characterized the peculiar relations of cationic electrodeposition against anionic one (Fig. 5). He presumed that the following reaction would occur at the cathode. Review (998) Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 23, 1983 MÂ °+40H- [MO2]n-+2H2O+(4-n)e Since then, his data have been cited by many researchers with a little discussion. Being based on the results electrodeposition film weight increases with an increase of the deposition time. The authors can not agree with the following approach. The metal detected in electrodeposition film is assumed to be due to the electrode reaction by a flow of current. Metallic substrate dissolves chemically without current flow. For example, corrosion with hydrogen evolution is illustrated as follows. 2Fe+3H20 Zn+H2O p + Fe203+3H2 ZnO+H2 ~ T Fig. 5. Changes cold-rolled in iron steel content with of electrodeposited deposition time. films on 1 2A1+3H2O pA1203+3H2 These reactions do not participate in electron transfer and they are not related to current flow. These corrosion reactions differ in electrodeposition bath compositions, electrodeposition process conditions, metal materials and their surface conditions. Therefore, the analysis of corrosion reactions are quite difficult. However, the practical difficulties arising from the above mentioned factors have been clarified. In cationic electrodeposition, the working electrode is the anode and anodic dissolution causes a contamination of electrodeposition bath paint. Care must be taken in cationic electrodeposition being different from anionic electrodeposition. In order to prevent the contamination by dissolved ion, the working electrode is settled inside diaphragm which ion-exchange membrane is preferably used. III. Throwing Power _l. Signficanceof Throwing Power in ProtectiveCoating In coating applications or complex-shaped automobile bodies, throwing power, the ability to extend paint films into highly recessed areas, as well as the corrosion resistance of coating are greatly demanded. These two specifications have been parallely taken as the index for the improvement and development of the electrodeposition coating process. Recently, the materials such as the cold-rolled steel, galvanized steel and othe r steels have been widely utilized for automobile bodies, and the estimation for two specifications (corrosion resistance of coating and throwing power) become complexed and varied. In order to improve the protective performance of automobile bodies, they should be examined particularly in the throwing power. In this chapter, we review in throwing power. 2. Throwing Power Test In case of the design for corrosion protection of automobile bodies, there are two following purposes to estimate throwing power. 1) To design the structure of automobile bodies and materials adaptability 2) To design electrodeposition paint and deposition coating process Review Fig. 6. Types of throwing cells (dia grammatic). For the first purpose it is recommended to make a model on the characteristics of the bodies structure. The modeling of the bodies structure generally arises from the know-how on the design for corrosion protection of the automobile industry. There have been proposed the following devices for measuring throwing power of the electrodeposition paint since it was developed. The most simple device is a comparative test. Many possible methods were described briefly by Tawn and Berry,5) and are illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 6. This diagram enables one to appreciate the meaning of throwing power. 1) Bar test (Fig. 6(a)) In this type of test, either or both of two functions can be measured : the length of the anode coated under given conditions, and the gradient of film thickness down the anode. (2) Multiple plate test (Fig. 6(b)) In this form of test, the efficiency, that is the weight or film thickness of coating on the inside plates, can be compared with that of coating on the outs ide plates. (3) Wedge test (Fig. 6(c)) In this test, it is only possible to estimate the percentage of the total area not coated with the paint. Mathematical expression of the result is difficult, due to difficulties of measuring areas accurately and defining the boundary between coated and uncoated areas. (4) Tube test (Fig. 6(d)) Several methods of this type exist, one of which is illustrated in Fig. 6(d), but in essence this is similar to the bar test, except for the restriction applied to the electrical bath by the non-conductive tube itself. (5) Cell test (Fig. 6(e)) Particular conditions may be applied to the anode in the cathode compartment, and the deposition on the anode in the separate compartment may be determined separately. Another purpose to estimate throwing power is to detect quantitatively the inherent ability of the used paint. In these several measuring methods, the tube test (Fig. 6) has been recognized to be mostly accepted method. The size of this test tube is defined fully by automobile industries. For examples, Ford Cell and GM Cell are popularly accepted in U. S. A. 3. Analysis of Throwing Power The electrodeposition paint industries have analyzed the mechanism of throwing power as corresponding to the different size of each automobile industry. Oyabu and Furuno6-8~ showed that throwing power could be related to the geometry of the test cell and coating properties by the following equation: Th2 = -. E . ,c (1) a LJ the cross-sectional area of the cell the perimeter of the cell the bath conductivity the applied voltage the current density at the coated surface of the tube at the end of the deposition experiment The equipotential surfaces at the start of the electrodeposition process are shown at the left, and those in progress at the right of Fig. . The dense distribution of equipotential surfaces along to the anode corresponds to the electrodeposited film. In this area the current density is approximately uniform. To verify the relationships between a and Th, and between L and Th in the above equations, three kinds of experiments were carried out. A steel panel was inserted into a glass tube. If the thickness of the panel is expressed by d and the width by l(d

Within strategic management of business, 'gap analysis' is the process Essay

Within strategic management of business, 'gap analysis' is the process of asking where are we now, where do we want to be - Essay Example At the corporate level, there are challenges from the rival companies, unpredictability of the market, dynamic consumer behaviour, etc. Moreover, political situation of the twenty-first century involves the working of complex democracies together with dynamic economic trends. The recent wave of economic slowdown has helped us to discern the importance of strategy setting and analysis in the context of corporate governance. Strategic management is thus increasingly involving an analytical approach to understand what a company actually does in relation to what it can potentially do. Executive Summary Gap analysis is the process of exploring certain questions in relation to the company’s present, potential and future performances. The paper will examine analytical instrument by interrelating it with the concepts of the strategic management of business. Strategic management and gap analysis are explained. Interrelations between the two processes are chalked out. Case examples are discussed to elucidate these interrelations. The Analytical and Strategic Approaches Introduction: The following discussion would explain and analyse gap analysis and strategic management. Discussion: In economics and business, gap analysis is a sort of tool which would help a corporation to compare its real time performance with the performance it is potentially capable of. This analytical approach is rather question answer based and from the perspective of the company, the questions are: 1. Where are we now? 2. Where do we want to be? 3. How can we get there? Gap analysis helps the company to obtain critical information so that the frontiers of production probabilities are not compromised (Cummins, 2008). The sphere of strategic management, on the other hand, deals with the principle emergent and intended initiations taken in the context of corporate governance which would involve resource allocation and utilisation, performance enhancement and adjustment with the external environ ments (Nag, Hambrick and Chen, 2007). Further, strategic management would refine the company affairs at the level of fierce corporate rivalry (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). Summary: 1. Discussion on gap analysis 2. Discussion on strategic management Relation between Strategic Management and Gap Analysis Introduction: The following section explores that how gap analysis facilitates the implementation of the concepts of strategic management. Discussion: The main points of strategic management are: 1. Process of strategy development 2. Linking strategic capabilities with the external environment 3. Strategically designing the management, production and marketing processes 4. Optimisation of fiscal performance (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008) Gap analysis helps the process of strategy development by finding out the difference between the company’s present and potential performances. Gap analysis thus facilitates strategic improvement of HR, R&D, logistics, etc. Gap analysis also relates to the company’s behaviour with respect to the external environment by monitoring its performance in the contemporary circumstances. Gap analysis considers all the processes and project life cycles involved in the functionary of the organisation, hence it helps to improve the management, production, marketing and fiscal activities. When the crucial question of quality control arises, benchmarking for the quest of optimal performance becomes mandatory and thus gap analysis becomes supplementary to the strategic management of business. (Camp, 1989) Gap analysis provides the company with a graphical aid that is used to communicate areas where the firm does not meet a benchmark. Process optimisation, which is a key

U05a1 Project Annotated Outline and Bibliography Essay - 1

U05a1 Project Annotated Outline and Bibliography - Essay Example 2. As explained by Beta – Research School for Operations Managements and logistics, â€Å"In the healthcare domain, explicit process specifications are often missing or not followed in practice. Research in process mining shows how specifications can be constructed from historic logs and conformance of practice to specifications can be analyzed. Process patterns play a role as abstract building blocks for processes, including the role of human performance aspects in process execution† (BETA). The above link is to the blog that relates to the several worker compensation articles and the article in this blog provides a clear insight into the issues that Tufts Medical Centre had been faced with for the lack of health and safety of the employees within the organization. This will form the base of the study and will bring out the basic reasons for the issue within the organization. This is an excellent article that has been provided and is one which provides excellent information and techniques for the operations management of the health care. This article also provides a clear insight into the long period of unnecessary treatment that a few patients need to go through and how the patients feel the issues due to the operational management lack in the organizations. This book provides excellent operation management and strategic implementation of the various tools and techniques that deal with the improvement of quality. The book is very effective and efficient as it provides an insight into the operations and also provides information relating to the improvement of the health care industry and the organizations. This website provides details of the organization in question and provides a clear insight into the world of Tuft Medical Center. The information from this website has been used to provide a clear understanding of the organization in focus. This forms a base for the paper and is an essential element of the