Dominos Case Analysis

Strategic Profile and Case Analysis Purpose Dominoes was found in 1960 and headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Domino’s Pizza Inc. is the market leader in the United States pizza delivery and second largest pizza company in the world based on number of units. The company offers a wide variety of pizza products as well as pasta, bread sticks, boneless chicken and wings, desserts and soft drinks. As of the beginning of this year, 2012, Domino’s had 394 company-owned stores and 4,513 franchised Domino’s units in the U. S. and 4,835 franchised stores internationally.Domino’s strategy is to use its superior supply-chain to provide its franchises with lost cost inputs so the franchises may focus on sales and service. Through the online world, Domino’s customers began to share their dissatisfaction with Domino’s products, such as pizza lacked taste and quality and poor quality delivery pizzas. Over the past 3-5 years Domino’s has made an ef fort to improve the palatability of their core products, and in 2009 introduced a new and redesigned crust recipe, fresh ingredients, a new sauce, and real shredded cheese.This effort, along the successive marketing campaigns has increased brand loyalty and customer preferences which has had a profound effect on increases in revenue and number of franchise openings. I believe that this strategy that is currently implemented is working, but for Domino’s to remain an industry leader and prolong the current trend of success, Domino’s needs to focus on the demographic and technological changes in the market. Focusing on the changes and reevaluating their current strategy will help Domino’s remain a leader within the industry. Situational AnalysisGeneral Environment Analysis: Demographic | -Pizza remains a very popular product appealing to a wide demographic of Americans that consider restaurants an essential part of their lifestyle. -According to Rasmussen Reports 4 0% of American eat pizza at least once per month w/adults ranging 30-49 yrs. of age; 21% of young adults (18-24) purchase pizza more than three times a week. Pizza is an integral part of American culture and shows no sign of exciting the market. | Economic | Domino’s is not immune to market trends; its revenues are directly affected by how the economy is doing.As the labor force progresses closer to full employment, consumer spending will increase and real GDP will be boosted. As a result, Domino’s Pizza will benefit from the increase of consumer spending as more consumers will likely spend more money at quick-service restaurants than dinging at home. To retain consumer’s quick-service restaurants should not worry as much about pricing but about expanding their menus. | Political/Legal| The political and legal conditions that could affect the business of Domino’s Pizza are the policies of the local and national government towards business.If the governmen t is more open to the establishment of numerous restaurants, then more restaurants will be established. Laws in favor of employees will be a factor for Domino’s. In each state/country they operate in they will have to provide proper employee training, as well as the minimum wage that are in compliance with state and federal regulations. Wages increasing can have a negative impact on revenues. | Sociocultural| Households are more likely to have a double income these days, resulting in families going out to eat more often. No time to cook at home) Media is growing at a fast pace means that Domino’s need to be part of this trend and keep up with the technological changes when comes to their online and app. options. Providing healthier options can be a potential competitive advantage for Domino’s. More people are concerned with their health and are becoming more aware of nutritional facts. Organic and gluten free products are gaining popularity. | Technological| The fast changes in technology nowadays have far-reaching effects.The factors that have a huge impact are: research and development, internet and e-commerce, and new technologies. The research and development has effects on Domino’s Pizza because through R&D new products are developed for the business, the internet and e-commerce also contributes to the technological factors because through them customers can give feedback regarding the products. Technology will assist in developing the firms’ strategies and strategic competiveness. | Global| More and more industrialized countries are emerging.Current and potential political events can affect the potential growth of Domino’s. | Physical| Creating and using products that are bio-gradable and promoting recycling can save Domino’s money, and differentiate themselves from their competitors. | Industry analysis: The restaurant industry was projected to have $604 Billion sales in 2011, which is approximately 4 per cent of the projected total GDP of the United States according to the estimate from National Restaurant Association. The industry has been expanding since the 1960s, mainly due to the boom of quick service restaurants such as Yum!Brands Inc. and McDonald’s. The long term expansion of the restaurant industry is expected to continue as the major players in this industry are focusing on providing healthier and less expensive food for both Americans and customers’ abroad. The restaurant industry provides two categories of services: fast food and full-service restaurant. The fast food restaurants mainly serve products including sandwiches, and pizza. Those restaurants attract customers by offering convenient, inexpensive and appealing foods.Fast food restaurants will still perform comparatively well during financial downturn (see graphs below) because customers will switch from full-service restaurant to the cheaper fast food restaurants. Threat of new entrants| ? Economies of Scale: The saturation of the pizza industry is a huge limiter of how much an advantage can be attained by economies of scale.? Product Differentiation: Differentiation is a necessary expense in the pizza industry but it is not difficult to overcome so we can say it is not a significant barrier to market entry.?Capital requirements will dominate the formation of new, national competitors, but is not a significant barrier to private startups.? Cost Disadvantages: The extreme saturation and similarity in product offering make convenient locations essential for quick service restaurants large and small. This is a significant barrier to entry.? Distribution Channels: Speedy and reliable channels are essential among all firms in the industry, they are not necessarily difficult for new comers to attain. Due to the lack of any of the barriers to entry being so significant, we feel the threat of new entrants is high. Power of suppliers| The bargaining power of suppliers shapes the restau rant industry by determining the food commodity costs. Restaurant operators usually negotiate on their purchases through future contracts; however instability in food goods costs can constrain the power to price their products. Suppliers for Domino’s pizza have low bargaining power, due to the high volume of products and the low differentiation level. There are also many substitutes for any particular input. | Power of buyers| Price is a key factor for customers in choosing restaurants.Consumers compare the values of food and what they pay for the food. Domino’s Pizza customers bargaining power and switching costs are low since a costumer can find a second option easily (frozen pizza or other pizza restaurants and chains). Differentiation levels are created by the consumers and include style of pizza, atmosphere, and location. | Threat of product substitutes| One reason for high competition in the restaurant industry is similar menus among the companies in the restaura nt industry. Few restaurants have successfully differentiated menus from others.The threat this poses on the industry’s’ profitability depend on the price-to-performance ratio, it is also affected by switching costs. Since there are so many firms offer the same basic need the consumer is looking for it results in low switching costs and a high threat of substitution. | Intensity of rivalry among competitors| The rivalry in the restaurant industry is high and gives firms more incentive to differentiate themselves form its competitors and meet customers’ needs. Firms in this industry are competing for the same market share.Since the customer base is not growing as fast the industry, the growth is slow. | Competitor analysis: With Domino’s Pizza competing in the domestic and global market, its main competitors globally are YUM! Brands, McDonalds, and Wendy’s. Many of these fast service chain restaurants are expanding internationally at a rapid rate. E ach competitor offers wide array of products to its consumers, so Domino’s has had to make many menu changes to help keep their loyal customers satisfied. Domino’s main U. S. competitors in the pizza delivery service market are Pizza Hut, Papa John’s, and Little Caesars.Domino’s is in an industry where it must use its valued brand name as a way of competing with its competitors around the globe. Locally, Domino’s uses its trademark â€Å"Domino's Pizza: You Got 30 Minutes†20 to remind consumers that they are the number one pizza delivery company in the U. S. and use this as a competitive edge against its aggressive competitors. Pizza Hut The number one competitor for Domino’s is Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut operates under Yum! Brands, which also includes four other restaurant chains. Pizza Hut is only two years older than Domino’s and has over 13,000 store locations in 95 different countries.The main focus of Pizza Hut is letting their customers customize their pizzas; each location is designed to tailor to local tastes and culture. They serve a variety of products ranging from specialty pizzas to pasta, sandwiches and chicken wings. In 2010 the brand reported a 4. 7 percent increase in revenues and sales for Pizza Hut increased by 8. 8 percent in the US. Though Domino’s remains the leader in the US delivery segment, Pizza Hut maintains the top spot in the US pizza segment with a 13. 78 market share as of late 2009.Pizza Hut’s goal is moving forward, they want to be known not as a pizza restaurant, but as a â€Å"pizza, pasta, and wings† brand. To complete their transformation Pizza Hut is working to make its menu items more competitively priced and improve their service times as well as focus on great customer service. Lastly, to help gain market share throughout the world, Pizza Hut is focusing its expansion plans on China, one of the world’s rapidly growing marketplaces. Papa Johnâ €™s Papa John’s is considered the world’s third ranked pizza delivery and carryout restaurant behind Pizza Hut and Domino’s.Currently it owns and franchises 3,646 restaurants in which 612 are company owned and 3,034 franchised in all of US and 32 countries worldwide. Papa John’s was founded on the premise that if you make the best pizza and price it competitively, you can sell it. Some of their major products include pizza, bread/cheese sticks, chicken strips, winds, dessert, and beverages. Papa John’s operates through six segments: domestic restaurants, domestic franchising, international operations, variable interest entities, and â€Å"all other† business units.In 1999 Papa John’s took over the number three spot in the US market from Little Caesars. But in the early 2000s, Papa Johns hit the wall and put a break on its expansions plans. The economic recession caused a dip in revenues for year-end 2009, and 2010. In effort to re -energize its brand during this period, Papa invested heavily in advertising, becoming the official sponsor for the NFL and the next three super bowls. In addition, Papa John’s launched a highly successfully promotion for consumers, these efforts helped Papa John’s maintain its market share.Little Caesars Family-owned Little Caesars Enterprises, Inc a subsidiary of Illitich Holdings owns and franchises over 2,600 units in the US and 11 other countries. As of 2010, it owned 4 percent of the US pizza locations and was a major competitor of Domino’s despite its lack of delivery service. It’s considered by Technomic Inc to be the fastest growing pizza restaurant chain in the US. Approximately 80 percent of Little Caesars locations are franchises with many stores located in strip malls or other popular shopping areas.Little Caesars offers pizzas, crazy bread and sauce, cheese bread, Caesar dips and churros as well as it offers party catering service. Littler C aesars has been following the same marketing campaign since the 70s and is known for its two-for-one â€Å"Pizza! Pizza! † Little Caesars has topped a host of â€Å"Best Pizza Value in America† lists for years and years in a row and, despite some setbacks in the 90s as Papa John’s climbed the ladder, continues to offer some hard- to- beat competition. Internal analysis Tangible resources:Domino’s low cost deliver-oriented store design is a tangible resource. Domino’s franchises approximately 90 percent of their 5,155 stores in the US. The stores are decided small with a focus on delivery, which allows them to cut the cost of having the typical large pizzeria type restaurant. Domino’s also uses their company owned stores as testing facilities for new products and technologies, this allows them to cut cost on having to rent out additional stores. Domino’s has its own supply chain for domestic and internationally franchised stores.This o peration consists 17 domestic facilities/6 international facilities that distribute food, equipment and supplies to the franchised stores nation and worldwide. Having their own supply chain gives Domino’s an advantage, it means automatic delivery of ingredients to stores which eliminates wait time and adds freshness, allowing the store team to focus on its sales and customer service. The vertically integrated supply chain allows Domino’s to leverage the purchasing power of thousands of privately owned and franchised stores nationwide to help food costs low.Domino’s new smart-phone â€Å"pizza tracker† application that is also available on their website, shows customers where the pizza is in the process, and how long it will take for the pizza to be ready and/or delivered. This allows customers be more involved in the process and allows instant communication between the two. In result this will help decrease the number of employees that Domino’s nee ds to hire, which will increase revenues as well as focus more on the food making process. Intangible resources: Domino’s has multiple intangible resources.Firstly, Domino’s focuses as a company on two core strengths: high quality pizzas at a competitive price and a fast delivery time, both that are intangible. Secondly, Domino’s strong brand image results in many loyal customers even with the new introductions made to the menu. Lastly, Domino’s has a worldwide presence and have pioneered the pizza delivery industry giving them a strong reputation. Capabilities: Domino’s has five capabilities that were discussed in the analysis. The first is their vertically integrated supply chain. Domino’s is able to drive sales up and costs down.Secondly, Domino’s focuses on adapting each location to its surrounding environment, such as changing menu options in other countries to adapt to the taste preferences of the population. Thirdly, the new sm art phone application, which allows customers order as they go and have more of a connection during the process. Having a strong brand image is another capability of Domino’s, its what allows them to be a direct competitor in the restaurant industry. Lastly, Domino’s is very cost effective, they pre-cut and pre-package all the ingredients, which allow them to be competitive in the market, and in the price they charge their customers.Core competencies: The last four decades Dominos has proven to be a top leader in the pizza industry, and has created several core competencies. Strong brand presence is what created brand loyalty with their customers and lead them to be one of the major competitors in the industry. Their focus on fast delivery is the foundation of their daily profit margins. Expanding internationally and incorporating online services as well as smart device application is another factor for them staying competitive. Also, Domino’s has a cost leaders hip business model which allows them to sell their products at a competitive rice. Sustainable competitive advantage: Domino’s has expanded their opportunities for more profit by opening over 3,000 locations internationally. They have built a strong brand image; by incorporating online technology they were able to stay competitive and ahead of some of their competitors. They have sustained their competitive advantage with the incorporation of Internet services as well as their strong brand image, as well as their expansion to over 70 countries. Since 2009, Domino’s stock has grown a remarkable 233 percent by 2011.SWOT Analysis Strengths| Weaknesses| -Delivery leader in the industry. -Has a strong and diversified franchising network around the world-Massive growth in its expansion across the globe; Dominos international network grew 48% from 2,987 stores to 4,442 stores-Strong brand equity. Known as the â€Å"Mega Brand† as defined by advertising brand magazine. Its positive brand image leads to dependable and trustworthy customers -Technology savvy: Online menus, as well as a Domino’s application for the iPhone and iPod.Helps customers order quickly and choose to have food delivered; pizza tracker allows the customer to the progress of their food being delivered. | -Compared to competitors it lacks menu options -Weak international presence as compared to peers-Lacks significant amount of profit it earns outs the US compared to its competitors-Weakening bottom line| Opportunities| Threats| -Expand its product outside of its stores and into the frozen food market can be quite profitable and beneficial (good for top line growth)-Introduce new healthier options: organic toppings, gluten free, etc. Entry into expanding markets will like boost revenue growth-Sales growth from online orders and smartphone application| -Faces high competition among other pizza companies domestically and globally. Constantly dealing with new product innovati on techniques and pricing pressure among the pizza delivery industry. -Strict govt. regulations poses threat to company’s development plans-Social media can result in a threat due to more people sharing their experiences-bad experiences can influence a prospect client to go elsewhere -Consumers growing more heath conscious| Strategy FormationDomino’s prides itself on its consistency and logistical operations that keep overhead costs down and provide less expensive pizza. Due to the current demographic changes and methods of communication changing, Dominoes must make changes to it s current cost leaderships strategy in order to gain more market share and stay a top competitor in the industry. Strategic alternatives: A strategic alternative for Domino’s to pursue would be a differentiation strategy. Domino’s could gain more customers from segments of the market that had not considered Domino’s as an adequate meal choice.If Domino’s chooses to focus on even a lower cost leadership strategy it would help them maintain its current customer base and possible gain more bargain shopper customers by exploiting its already known capabilities and core competencies, resulting in even more market share form this market segment. Pursuing an integrated cost leadership and differentiation strategy, Domino’s will still be able to maintain its competitive pricing while creating new products that will attract new segments of the market. Alternative evaluation: The first strategy that Domino’s could pursue is the differentiation strategy.Pursing this strategy would mean that Dominos would need to look for new suppliers to obtain higher quality ingredients. The finance support in the value chain would have to examine to see where capital could be found and allocated to make this strategy work. For Domino’s to change to the differentiation strategy, they would need to gain new tangible and intangible resources to achiev e this strategy as well as to create new capabilities that would lead to new core competencies, resulting in a competitive advantage in the market. Secondly, Domino’s could purse a even lower cost leadership strategy.To pursue an even lower cost leadership strategy, Domino’s would have to cut mores cost in areas such as food quality and choice of supplier. This could lead to fewer costs for them but may result going back to their â€Å"tastes like cardboard† negative image. Due to the taste aspect of their product, it would be safest for Domino’s to look to make cuts else where such as marketing and advertising in order to keep their even lower cost leadership strategy. Lastly, Domino’s could pursue the integrated cost leadership and differentiated strategy.This strategy would be the strongest strategy for Domino’s, it could allow them to be the first mover in the industry to use healthier, organic ingredients which would attract a new segme nt of the market as well as those who might have decided to go else where. Alternative choice: I would choose the integrated cost leadership and differentiated strategy from the three options I listed above. I believe that this strategy allows Domino’s to use its current core competencies and helps develop new capabilities that could lead to even stronger core competencies and a higher competitive advantage in the industry.Strategic Alternative Implementation Action items: In order for Domino’s to implement an integrated cost leadership and differentiation strategy and gain a competitive advantage in the industry it will need: suppliers that will sell quality ingredients at a reasonable cost, a new structure that is supported by the company, and lastly having the current leader initiate and encourage these changes, or put a new leader that will help implement these changes.Actions plan: In order for Domino’s to take on an integrated cost leadership and different iation strategy, they should use their existing connections with suppliers that will help them find new suppliers who can deliver organic, high quality ingredients at a reasonable price. This will assist with Domino’s becoming the first mover in the industry towards healthier, high quality pizzas.Though this may lead to an increase of price, I believe that because of the current organic foods sector recent growth sprit in our society, there won’t be much of a negative reaction to the price. The current hybrid functional/multidivisional structure may be able to hand the strategy change, but modifications to the value chain would need to take place. Less focus on cutting costs, more of a focus on differentiating the product.Last of all, the current leader or a new leader would need to me a transformational leader, that would implement and encourage the strategy switch from cost leadership to integrated cost leadership and differentiation. Pursuing this new strategy would lead to numerous opportunities, and benefits for Domino’s now and the future. It would allow Domino’s become a first mover in the industry, and create a new market for other fast food restaurants.

Policy Analysis on Dementia Care

Abstract The policy ‘Improving Care for People with Dementia’ aims to increase diagnosis of dementia, improve health and care services in hospitals, care homes and communities, create dementia-friendly communities and widen research on dementia care. This brief aims to analyse only the aspect of improving health and care services in communities and the patients’ homes and relate this to the district nurse’s role of bringing care to the patient’s home and community. With an ageing population, the London Borough of Hackney, and the rest of the UK, is experiencing increased incidence of dementia. The costs associated with dementia care are approximately ?23bn annually in the UK. As a district nurse, this policy is important since it seeks to improve the care received by patients in community settings or their own homes. My caseload demonstrates a disproportionate number of patients suffering from dementia and the resources channelled to their care. Dementia is a chronic and complex condition and requires interventions from different health and social care professionals. However, informal carers bear most of the burden of caring. As a district nurse, I have to address the patients and the carers’ needs. Patients need to receive interventions to improve their nutrition, health and wellbeing. Carers need to receive training on how to feed their patients, ease their anxiety, regulate their sleeping habits or improve their mobility and independence. Meeting all these needs require additional training and collaboration between the district nurses and other health and social care professionals. The Department of Health and the Royal College of Nursing have a cknowledged the district nurses’ role in meeting the needs of patients with dementia in hospital settings. These nurses are tasked to prevent admission of patients and promote positive experiences for families during end of life care. However, the politics and economic context of this policy could all influence the care received by the patients. Ethics also play a role in delivery of care. The state’s apparent withdrawal of minimum service and delegating most of the task to home care could have ethical implications. Safeguards to quality care most commonly seen in wards or hospitals are missing in home care. This might do more harm for the patient than good. However, district nurses still have to weigh if choosing to provide care at home would be more beneficial for the patient or otherwise. Finally, this brief shows that community care for patients with dementia is possible if district nurse teams are dedicated and the workforce increased to respond to the increasing workload. Introduction The Department of Health Public Health Nursing (2013) has recognised that care for patients with long-term conditions often continue in their own communities and in the people’s homes. This type of care would require sustained relationships with district nurses (DN), who are responsible for managing the patient’s healthcare conditions. This brief aims to critically analyse the policy Improving Care for People with Dementia (Department of Health, 2013) and will relate this with the Department of Health Public Health Nursing’s (2013) Care in Local communities- District Nurse Vision and Model. The Department of Health Public Health Nursing (2013) has acknowledged that this new vision is a response to the growing needs of the ageing population in the UK. Specifically, it has recognised the growing incidence of dementia amongst the elderly population and this vision sets out the contribution of DNs and other healthcare teams in meeting the challenge of dementia. The first part of this brief justifies the choice of this policy and the focus on dementia care. A community in Hackney is chosen in this brief to represent my nursing caseloads of dementia. The second part discusses political, economic and philosophical context of the policy. The third part critically appraises the ethical and moral implications of this policy for practice. Policy on Dementia Care and the Community of Hackney With an ageing population, the London Borough of Hackney, like the rest of the UK, is faced with a rising incidence of the long-term conditions associated with old age (Office for National Statistics, 2013). According to the Alzheimer’s Research UK (2013), more than 820,000 elderly individuals are affected by dementia. The rate of dementia in Hackney is four times higher than that of the general population’s rate (Public Health England, 2013). In 2010, approximately 1,350 elderly people were living with dementia in Hackney (NHS, 2012). This policy aims to increase diagnosis rate, improve health and care services in hospitals, care homes, communities and homes, create dementia-friendly communities and widen research on dementia care. This brief will only focus on improving health and care services in communities and homes and relate these to the DNs role in providing care to patients in their own communities and homes. Implications of the Policy on Current Practice The policy on dementia care has an important implication in my practice as a district nurse. Providing holistic interventions to improve the quality of care in community settings require collaborative efforts of health and social care professionals (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2007). As a district nurse, I take the lead in provision of healthcare in community settings. On reflection, patients with dementia have complex needs that require collaborative care from nurses, physical and occupational therapists, dieticians, social care workers and other healthcare professionals. My role extends from planning care to coordinating care with other professionals. The King’s Fund (2012) explains that multidisciplinary teams are needed to provide quality care to patients. However, the quality of care could be affected if there are fewer nurses caring for patients. I observed that the number of registered nurses in my practice is declining. This observation is similar in a survey conducted by the Royal College of Nursing (2011), which reported that almost 70% of district nurse respondents claimed that registered nurses in their staff have dropped out. In my current caseload, a third of my patients in our team suffer from dementia. The incidence of dementia in Hackney is four times higher compared to the UK’s average (Public Health England, 2013). However, due to the nature of the condition, the care of this group of patients requires a disproportionate amount of time and resources. One of the duties of DNs in addressing the policy on dementia care is to ensure that carers also receive appropriate support. Carers have the right to h ave their needs assessed under the Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 (UK Legislation, 2000). In my experience, CBT has been show to be effective not only in reducing anxiety in my patients but also depression in the carers. It has been shown that joining support groups has been associated with reduced incidence of depression (NICE, 2006). Implications of the Policy on Future Practice With the increasing focus on community care, there is a need to strengthen the district nurse workforce. Based on my experiences and observation, the quality of care could be compromised due to the decreasing number of DNs (Queen’s Nursing Institute, 2010). There is increased pressure to provide quality care at the least cost and with reduced number of nurses (Queen’s Nursing Institute, 2010). Establishing a therapeutic relationship is difficult when the continuous decline of healthcare workforce in the community is not addressed. Sheehan et al. (2009) argue that a positive relationship between healthcare professionals and the patient is needed in order to make healthcare decisions that would dictate the future of the patient. Based on these observations, the policy on dementia care would require additional workforce of registered nurses who would be willing to work in community settings. At present, the issue of sustainability of the DN workforce in meeting the present and future demands of elderly patients has been raised (Royal College of Nursing, 2013, 2011). Unless the issue of reduced workforce is not addressed, meeting the demands of the dementia policy would continue to be difficult. The policy would also require additional education and training for nurses. The Royal College of Nursing (2013) has acknowledged that the present DN workforce is highly qualified. Many have met the qualifications of nurse prescriber or district nurse while the rest of the staff either have completed qualifications for nursing first or second level registration or at least hold a nursing degree. However, the Royal College of Nursing (2013) also notes that the workforce number is still low. A small workforce could not adequately meet these needs. Further, the ageing population in the UK would mean that the NHS would continue to see a rise in the incidence of dementia in the succeeding years. The issue of recording performance data is also raised with the recent policy on dementia care. This would be a challenge since a community or a home does not present any safeguards commonly found in a controlled environment such as wards in hospital settings (Royal College of Nursing, 2013). There is also a need for DNs to be trained on how to give education and training to caregivers. In a systematic review conducted by Zabalegui et al. (2014), suggest that the quality of care of patients with dementia living at home could be improved if caregivers receive sufficient education and training from healthcare providers. Political, Economic and Philosophical Context The Alzheimer’s society (2014) states that in the UK, approximately ?23 billion is spent annually to manage patients with dementia. However, the same organisation is quick to observe that a large portion of this cost is borne by carers of the patient rather than social care services or the NHS. To date, there is only one study (Alzheimer’s UK, 2007) that investigated the cost of managing patients with dementia in community settings. The report shows that in 2007, the cost of managing one patient with mild dementia within one year in a community setting amounts to ?14, 540. For an individual with moderate dementia, the annual cost is ?20,355. This increases to ?28,527 for a patient with severe dementia. If a patient is sent to a care home, the annual cost of managing the condition amounts to ?31,263. It should be noted that all these costs were calculated almost 7 years ago. The individual cost of treatment is now higher. The same survey also shows that majority of the costs of dementia care is channelled to the carers. However, these costs do not account for the informal carers. Alzheimer’s UK (2007) estimates that the number of hours informal carers devote to caring run up to 1.5bn hours each year. This translates to ?12bn in cost, which is higher than the combined health and social care cost for dementia. Patients with severe dementia living in their homes or communities need at least 46 hours of paid carer support within a week (Alzheimer’s UK, 2007). However, the changing dynamics of families, with children living far from their parents or loss of spouse due to divorce or death could limit the pool of family carers. This issue could all influence the impact of the service provided by informal carers of dementia. The ageing population of the UK (Office for National Statistics, 2013) could further drive up the cost of caring for patients with dementia. The policy on dementia care increasingly depends on homes and communities to support the care of patients with dementia. Since many informal carers manage patients with dementia, the burden of caring is now channelled to the patient’s family. The main stakeholders then for this policy include informal carers, patients, DN staff and multidisciplinary team. This increasing reliance on home care and management could even be viewed as a strategy of the NHS to reduce the cost of caring for patients with dementia. There is also a concern on whether the quality of care is maintained at home, especially with fewer DNs supervising the care at home. Apart from the economic cost, politics could also influence DN practice. As with other policies, the policy on dementia (Department of Health, 2013) bring care close to home and care at home. These gradual changes are projected to empower patients, lower costs of healthcare while empowering communities to take care of their own health (Department of Health, 2013). The withdrawal of the state in providing minimum services for patients with dementia in favour of care at home should be evaluated on whether this would cause harm to the patient. If care at home would be possible with supportive carers, my role as a DN would focus on coordinating care with other healthcare professionals. However, if the patient does not receive sufficient support, the Mental Health Act 2007 (UK Legislation, 2007) mandates the appointment of a carer for the patient. The consequences of the political context of moving care closer to home for patients with dementia would be felt in the succeeding years. On re flection, making this policy work would require DNs to provide adequate support to the informal carers. The philosophical underpinning of this policy focuses on tackling health inequalities. Social determinants of health (NHS, 2012) have long known to influence the health outcomes of many individuals. In the London Borough of Hackney, incidence of dementia is higher amongst the older black elderly compared to the general white population (Office for National Statistics, 2013; Public Health England, 2013). Yaffe et al. (2013) argue that genetics do not account entirely on the disparity of incidence between black and white older populations in the UK. Instead, Yaffe et al. (2013) maintain that socioeconomic differences appear to have a greater influence on the higher incidence of dementia amongst black older people. Related risk factors for dementia such as poorer health, less education and literacy are higher in the black elderly and might account for the variation in dementia incidence. A number of earlier studies (Haas et al., 2012; Thorpe et al., 2011) have pointed out the relationsh ip between socioeconomic status and cognitive outcomes. The dementia policy not only brings care closer to home but also addresses socio-economic disparities of patients with dementia by allowing DNs to provide care in home settings. However, this is still challenging since carers and family members would provide care on a daily basis. The limited financial capacities of families with lower socio-economic status could have an effect on the nutritional status and physical health of the patients (Adelman et al., 2009). It has been stressed that poor nutrition and health could increase the risk of cognitive decline (Adelman et al., 2011). Ethical and Moral Implications of the Dementia Policy for Practice Approaches to ethics include the Deontological approach, Justice, Virtue and Consequentialism. Fry (2010) explain that in deontology, individuals should perform an action because it is their duty to do so regardless of the consequences of the action. The Dementia Policy in the UK is underpinned by ethical approaches. Using deontology, it is moral for nurses and carers to provide care for patients with dementia. In rule-deontology, decisions regarding the care of patients become moral when these follow the rules. Fry (2010) emphasise that the actions of individuals following deontology is usually predictable since it follows set of rules. A second approach to ethics called the Results of Actions (Fry, 2010) is opposite to deontology. In this ethics approach, an action becomes moral when its consequences produce more advantages for the patient than disadvantages. The third approach to ethics or the virtue approach states that there is an ideal that should be pursued by individuals in order to develop their full potential (Jackson, 2013). This approach is more encompassing than the deontological approach since it seeks to make a person moral by acquiring virtues. A review of the policy reveals that the virtue approach is followed since it seeks to provide holistic care to the patients. The policy emphasises providing psychological, social and emotional support not only to patients but also to their carers. Meanwhile, Beauchamp and Childress (2001) have set out four principles of ethics. These are autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The Nursing and Midwifery Council’s (NMC, 2008) code of conduct has stressed that patient autonomy should always be observed in all healthcare settings. A review of the dementia policy reveals that allowing patient’s to be cared in their home settings would likely increase patient autonomy. Patients in the early stages of dementia or those with moderate forms of the condition could experience cognitive impairments but still have the capacity to decide for themselves (Department of Health, 2009). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (UK Legislation, 2005) states that only when patients suffer significant cognitive impairments should representatives of the patients be allowed to make decisions in behalf of the patient. Since the policy focuses on patient-centred care even in home settings, patients or their family members are allowed to decide on the best treatment or management for the patients. District nurses are encouraged in the policy to always seek for the patient’s interest. The emphasis of the policy on allowing patients to decide about their care is consistent with the ethical principle of autonomy. It is also important that nurses should first do no harm to the patients as embodied in the ethics principle of non-maleficence (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). The policy supports this principle since DNs are available to provide support and lead the care of patients in home settings. However, there are several barriers in implementing the full policy. Although the policy specifies that DNs should rally the support of patients in home settings, there is the growing concern that the standards of care seen in hospital settings might not be transferred in home settings (King’s Fund, 2012). For instance, DNs could not regularly supervise carers on a daily basis on how they provide care to individuals with dementia. These patients need to receive sufficient nutrition, engage in exercises that increase their mobility or regularly receive pharmacologic medications for their conditions (Casartelli et al., 2013; Hopper et al., 2013; Cole, 2012; Bryon et al., 2012). It would be difficu lt to determine on a regular basis if all these tasks are carried out according to standards if patients are cared in their own homes. In a recent King’s Fund (2013) report, the quality of care received by patients from their nurses is highlighted. This report observes that not all nurses are compassionate to their patients and often, basic care such as feeding or giving water to the patients are often neglected. While this report was based on a study in only one hospital setting, the results are important since it showed that basic care might not be observed. In contrast, DNs would only visit the patients in their homes and would not be around to provide long hours of care. If patients receive poor quality care, this could result to poorer health outcomes and faster deterioration of the patient. The ethics principle of non-maleficence might not be observed if the volume of DN staff in the community remains low. There has been an association of high volume of work and low staffing amongst nurses with poor quality care (King’s Fund, 2013, 2012). The policy also observes the principle of beneficence since its primary outcome is to improve the quality of care received by older patients with dementia in their own homes. Although providing care in home settings would drastically reduce healthcare costs for dementia care, it is still unclear if this would benefit the family more. The cost of informal carers remains to be high, and yet is often discounted when approximating the cost of care for dementia (Alzheimer’s Society, 2014). This policy might put undue burden on families who lack the capacity to provide care for patients in advanced stages of dementia on a 24 hours basis (Alzheimer’s Society, 2014). Despite this observation, the policy is beneficial to patients with moderate dementia. A home setting might provide them with the stability and familiarity that is absent in hospital settings (Sheehan et al., 2009). It has been shown that when patients are admitted in hospital settings, they often manifest aggressi ve behaviour that is suggested to be a response to the changes in environment (Sheehan et al., 2009). The ethics principle of justice is also observed since the policy requires all patients, regardless of race or gender and socio-economic status, to receive equitable healthcare (Department of Health, 2013). On reflection, the moral implications of the policy might come into conflict with the state’s increasing reliance on informal carers or family members to provide care for patients with dementia. The issue lies on whether it is moral to delegate most of the care to informal carers who might also need additional support when caring for patients with progressive chronic conditions. The National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2007) stress that informal carers also need support to help them manage depression, stress or burnout from providing care to patients who would never recover from their condition. While the NHS continue to practice innovation in delivering care, an evaluation on whether there are enough resources to implement the innovation should be made. Conclusion In conclusion, the recent policy on dementia in the UK sets the direction of care in community or home settings. District nurses are in the position of following this direction since they lead patient care at home and in the community. However, this brief highlights some issues that should be addressed. These include the decreasing workforce of DN and their staff and their need for additional training and education. The political and economic context influencing the dementia policy should also be taken into account. Finally, this brief illustrates the role of DNs in providing quality care to patients in community and home settings. They could lobby for the patient’s rights and coordinate collaborative care between healthcare professionals and those involved in social care. References Adelman, S., Blanchard, M., Rait, G., Leavey, G. & Livingston, G. (2011). ‘Prevalence of dementia in African-Carribean compared with UK-born white older people: two-stage cross-sectional study’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, pp. 119-125. Adelman, S., Blanchard, M. & Livingston, G. (2009). ‘A systematic review of the prevalence and covariates of dementia or relative cognitive impairment in the older African-Carribean population in Britain’, International Journal of Geriatric and Psychiatry, 24, pp. 657-665. Alzheimer’s Society (2014). Financial cost of Dementia [Online]. Available from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=418 (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Alzheimer’s Research UK (2013) Dementia Statistics [Online]. Available from: http://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-statistics/ (Accessed: 19th February, 2014). Alzheimer’s UK (2007). Dementia UK: The Full Report. [Online]. Available from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/download_info.php?fileID=2 (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Beauchamp, T. & Childress, J. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bryon, E., Gastmans, C. & de Casterle, D. (2012). ‘Nurse-physician communication concerning artificial nutrition or hydration (ANH) in patients with dementia: a qualitative study’. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, pp. 2975-2984. Casartelli, N., Item-Glatthorn, J., Bizzini, ., Leunig, M. & Maffiuletti, N. (2013). ‘Differences in gait characteristics between total hip, knee, and ankle arthroplasty patients: a six-moth postoperative comparison’. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorder, 14:176 doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-176. Cole, D. (2012). ‘Optimising nutrition for older people with dementia’. Nursing Standard, 26(20), pp. 41-48. Department of Health (2013). Improving care for people with dementia [Online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/improving-care-for-people-with-dementia (Accessed: 19th February, 2014). Department of Health Public Health Nursing (2013). Care in local communities- district nurse vision and model. London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2009). Living Well with dementia: A National Dementia Strategy. London: Department of Health. Fry, S., Veatch, R. & Taylor, C. (2010) Case studies in nursing ethics, London: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Haas, S., Krueger, P. & Rohlfsen, L. (2012). ‘Race/ethnic and nativity disparities in later physical performance: the role of health and socioeconomic status over the life course’, Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, pp. 238-248. Hopper, T., bourgeois, M., Pimentel, J., Qualls, C., Hickey, E., Frymark, T. & Schooling, T. (2013). ‘An evidence-based systematic review on cognitive interventions for individuals with dementia’. American Journal of Speech and Language Pathology, 22(1), pp. 126-145. Jackson, E. (2013) Medical law: Text, cases, and materials, Oxford: Oxford University Press. King’s Fund (2013). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation trust Public Inquiry by Robert Francis QC. London: The King’s Fund. King’s Fund (2012). Integrated care for patients and populations: improving outcomes by working together. A report to the Department of Health and the NHS Future Forum, London: King’s Fund [Online]. Available from: www.kingsfund.org/uk/publications (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2007). Dementia: The NICE-SCIE Guideline on supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. London: The British Psychological Society and Gaskell and Social Care Institute for Excellence and NICE. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2006). Dementia: Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. London: NICE. National Health Service (NHS) (2012). Health and Wellbeing Profile 2011/12. London: City and Hackney and NHS East London and the City. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008). The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: NMC. Office for National Statistics (2013). Ageing in the UK Datasets [Online]. Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/population/ageing/older-people (Accessed: 19th February, 2014). Public Health England (2013). Hackney: Health Profile 2013. London: Public Health England [Online]. Available from: www.healthprofile.info (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Queen’s Nursing Institute (2010). District nurse is becoming an endangered species (press release, issued 26 March 2010), London: QNI [Online]. Available from: www.qni.org.uk (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Royal College of Nursing (2013). District Nursing- harnessing the potential: The RCN’s UK Position on district nursing. London: RCN [Online]. Available from: www.rcn.org.uk/publications (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Royal College of Nursing (2011). The Community nursing workforce in England, London: RCN [Online]. Available from: www.rcn.org.uk/publications (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Sheehan, B., Stinton, C. & Mitchell, K. (2009) ‘The care of people with dementia in general hospital’, The Journal of Quality Research in Dementia, Issue 8 [Online]. Available from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=1094&pageNumber=5 (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Thorpe, R., Koster, A., Kritchevsky, S., Newman, A., Harris, T., Ayonayon, H., Perry, S., Rooks, R. & Simonsick, E. (2011). ‘Race, socioeconomic resources, and late-life mobility and decline: findings from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study’, Journal of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 66(10), pp. 1114-11123. UK Legislation (2007). Mental Health Act 2007 [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/contents (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). UK Legislation (2005). Mental Capacity Act 2005 [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). UK Legislation (2000). Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000. [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/16/notes/contents (Accessed: 12th March, 2014). Yaffe, K., Falvey, C., Harris, T., Newman, A., Satterfield, S., Koster, A., Ayonayon, H. & Simonsick, E. (2013). ‘Effect of socioeconomic disparities on incidence of dementia among biracial older adults: prospective study’, British Medical Journal, 347: f7051 [Online]. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f7051 (Accessed: 22nd March, 2014). Zabalegui, A., Hamers, J., Karrison, S., Leino-Kilpi, H., Renom-Guiteras, A., Saks, K., Soto, M., Sutcliffe, C. & Cabrera, E. (2014). ‘Best practices interventions to improve quality of care of people with dementia living at home’, Patient Education and Counseling, pii: S0738-3991(14)00044-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.01.009 [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525223 (Accessed: 12th March, 2014).

The Heroin Drug Market - 984 Words

These two drugs bleed the world more than any other for very different reasons.It is a slow painful death robbing individuals of choice and diverting billions of dollars to drug suppliers. There are plenty of drugs available in every neighborhood. They are all around us, ranging in addictiveness, deadliness, and availability. The two most damaging to society and the individual are readily available despite decades of the best efforts by the U.S. and every other nation around the world. A 16 year old can get heroin or crack easier than alcohol or cigarettes because dealers don’t I.D and often deliver (Drug Crazy, Mike Grey ) Heroin and most opiates derive from the poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Which displays a beautiful flower when in†¦show more content†¦Mother’s burying their children and children burying their mothers. It’s everywhere and the police can’t do anything about it. They’ve done their best for 40 years with zero results excep t thousands in prison and more and purer heroin on the streets. It’s too much money and as soon as someone is locked up someone else takes their place. There is no shortage of immoral people and we’re talking billions. A zero tolerance policy may be useful in a society that has no drugs in it yet, but in a society that has drug use so deeply rooted it only serves to scare addicts into hiding instead of looking for help. Locking someone up does nothing. Jail is not rehabilitation and jail/prison does not cure the addiction of disease anymore than it does any other disease. Heroin spreads disease. HIV infections rise as the use of heroin does, for example in Spain 64% of all aids cases have intravenous drug use as the principal factor. (Maccoun, Reuter) HIV is a greater threat to public and individual health than drug misuse. It is a lifelong addiction. In a remarkable 24 year follow up of a California sample Hser Anglin and powers 1993) found 8% had died after 24 years and that only 25% of the remainder tested negative for opiates at that point (MacCoun, Reuter) that means those who lived after 24 years 75% of them were still using opiates! Heroin is not going anywhere. We need to admit we are powerless to stop it and concentrate on HarmShow MoreRelatedHeroin Is The Most Dangerous Addictive Drugs On The Black Market Today1108 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Name: Suong Nguyen Class: SHS 235 Instructor: Irene Hauzinger Date: 7/23/2015 Heroin Research Paper Heroin is one of the most dangerous highly addictive drugs on the black market today. A board member of the National Institute of Health estimated that there are currently about 600,000 heroin addicts in the U.S. alone. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug. During World War II, a German chemist, Aschenbrenner, synthesized methadone and named it Dolophine, after Adolph Hitler (FieldsRead MoreOpen Air Drug Markets936 Words   |  4 PagesOpen air drug markets will surely increase the crime rate in New York City. Although open-air markets represent the lowest level of drug distribution, it can still be extremely harmful to the communities that are affected by it. The selling and distribution of drugs, such as heroin should continue to remain illegal. Many other factors will also contribute to the dangers of an open drug market. There are a variety of number of solutions to each of the potential dangers that an open drug market has. Read MoreConspiracy Theories Are An Integral Part Of Society1332 Words   |  6 Pagesthat was used from 1804 to now. In 1972 Contin was put on the market at a controlled drug-release system (Purdue Pharma L.P.). In 1984 MS Contin was put on the market as an extended-release formula of morphine, and in 1996 OxyContin was put on the market as an extended-release formula of Oxycodone (Van Zee). These drugs were released in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. According to the Center for Addiction and Mental Health these drugs are commonly used for pain and recreational use (__). PurdueRead MoreHeroin, Then Versus Now1169 Words   |  5 PagesAmanda Deane ENG 111-L03 Lauren Foster 9/29/2015 Heroin, Then Versus Now Heroin or H has always been significant in human life. Early on opiates were used as health treatments as well as sacred medications but as time has gone on it has taken a wrong turn by becoming so deadly. The evolution and usage of heroin has drastically changed from the 1980’s to today by alterations, distribution, and influences. Heroin is made from morphine from the opium poppy plant. The plant has continued to grow mostlyRead MoreIt Is Through Complex And Dynamic Social Processes And983 Words   |  4 Pagescultural understandings that illicit drug markets are produced and reproduced (Dwyer, R. 2011). Robyn Dwyer explores the social life of smokers and the complex social processes which govern the functioning of the drug marketplace through an ethnographic examination of the everyday lives of Vietnamese heroin user/dealers in the Melbourne suburb of Footscray. Dwyer focuses generally on the social meaning brought upon the exchanging of in this case smokes and heroin and how this affirms social relationshipsRead MoreDrugs: The Production of Heroin Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagessubstitute was heroin (The Truth about Heroin). Heroin was first synthesized from morphine in 1874 by C.R Alder Wright whom was part of a German pharmaceutical company called Bayer. From 1898 through to 1910, Bayer marketed it u nder the trademark name Heroin as a cough suppressant claiming that it was a non-addictive morphine substitute that is until it was discovered that it rapidly metabolizes into morphine. One year after beginning sales, Bayer exported heroin to 23 countries. Since then, heroin was spreadRead MoreIn ‘The Social Life Of Smokes: Processes Of Exchange In1031 Words   |  5 Pagessocial life of smokes: Processes of exchange in a heroin marketplace’, Robyn Dwyer concludes that there are specific complex social processes involved in drug markets (Dwyer 2011). Her ethnographic research on the Footscray street based heroin marketplace in Melbourne, Australia indicates that drug research should be applied to relevant and effective policy making. In addition, this ethnographic research challenges society’s hostile perceptions towards drug exchange and main theoretical concepts throughRead MoreHeroin And Its Effects On Heroin1101 Words   |  5 Pagesnothing about heroin an d those who use it. Many people have been associated with friends or families who have used some kind of drug. There are many people who have not had any contact with heroin users or if they have, don’t understand much about it. Using various sources about heroin to explain where it came from, how it is used, who uses it and how a person starts on the path towards heroin, preventing addiction, and global issues surrounding this drug. Although the topic of heroin is inexhaustibleRead MoreNational Intelligence Analysis1531 Words   |  7 Pagesin the early 2000s, Canadas heroin market was controlled by South and Southwest Asia, and these regions took Southeast Asias place. Since 2004, heroin seizures have been increasing even though heroin is allegedly one of the least commonly used illicit drugs in Canada (NIA et al., 2010). Asian, Latin American, and West African organized crime groups, functioning in Canada as well as in foreign countries, remained to be participants in s muggling and transporting heroin in Canada (NIA et al., 2010)Read MoreThe Heroin Epidemic Of America1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe heroin epidemic in America has been an issue for decades. According to narconon.org, the heroin epidemic truly began in the Wild West during the 1800’s. Many scholars believe that Chinese immigrants brought the drug to America. Morphine is a derivative of heroin, and during the civil war, many soldiers, both northern and confederate, was injured and became addicted to the drug after being treated with it. It was from opium that morphine, a derivative, was developed as a pain killer in approximately

Christian Fellowship Have Heard Of Evangelism Essay

Many within the Christian fellowship have heard of evangelism. Nevertheless, it is not at all surprising that many aren’t quite familiar with the true definition of the term. Furthermore, there are many Christians whom would consider themselves to be faithful and committed followers of Christ who obey and believe the Word of God with a testimony that reveals that they are being the best servant that he or she can be towards the risen Savior. Often times, Christians lead their lives without much consideration about sharing the gospel with anyone other than their immediate family members or close friends. Event then, Christians aren’t too sure of what they should say or how it should be said. Christians have become extremely sensitive of not offending another individual when it comes to the gospel of Jesus Christ. It is often considered that evangelism is the responsibility of the senior pastor and staff ministers. â€Å"Sometimes our problem may be any one of a l ong list of excuses. Perhaps we don’t know the gospel well enough – or we don’t think we do. Maybe we think it’s someone else’s job, the work of a minister or a missionary† (Dever, 2007, p. 16). Dever asks the question, â€Å"What is the gospel† (Dever, 2007, p. 31)? For Christians who have been saved for any good length of time, the gospel is commonly known as the good news of the Lord Jesus Christ being full of love and compassion, who was born to a virgin mother in a manger who came to save a dying world from theirShow MoreRelatedA Look At Discipleship Within The Millennial Generation And How They Evangelize1307 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper takes a look at Evangelism in 2016. It will discuss some views based upon studies of the Millennial Generation and how they evangelize. Over recent years’ studies have shown that although Evangelism amongst some generations seem to be declining. Evangelism amongst the Millennial Generation seems to be exploding. This paper will generate some personal synopsis based upon my most recent research. It will answer the question by presenting what some churches are not doing, to bring us toRead MoreThe Church Of The Christ ian Faith1392 Words   |  6 PagesWesley believed that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture, illumined by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and confirmed by reason. Stephen Gunter writes, Perhaps no theological topic has been the focus of more debate with The United Methodist Church over the past quarter century than the Wesleyan Quadrilateral . It should be noted that John Wesley never used the term Wesleyan Quadrilateral to describe his process of theological affirmation. The WesleyanRead MoreIs It More Important Than The Individual2233 Words   |  9 Pagesoffer yourselves as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God†¦. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your minds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Romans 12:1-2). Paul’s message here is plain and clear. Besides Paul’s exhortation in Romans, we have this dramatic statement from Jesus: If anyone comes to me and does not hate his father and mother, his wife and children, his brothers and sisters—yes, even his own life—he cannot be My disciple (Luke 14:26). Extreme, you say? Jesus was makingRead MoreMissions Should Be A Fundamental Priority1565 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"God authorized and commanded me to commission you: Go out and train everyone you meet, far and near, in this way of life, marking them by baptism in the threefold name: Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit. Then instruct them in the practice of all I have commanded you. I’ll be with you as you do this, day after day after day, right up to the end of the age.† The Great Commission charges the church to go into cultures and make disciples. The question then becomes how do we do that? 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Shortly after completing this book, the active andRead MoreTalk and notes Regarding a Sunday Sermon Regarding the Book of Acts2706 Words   |  11 PagesActs 4.23-31 23 When they were released, they went to their friends and reported what the chief priests and the elders had said to them. 24 And when they heard it, they lifted their voices together to God and said, â€Å"Sovereign Lord, who made the heaven and the earth and the sea and everything in them, 25 who through the mouth of our father David, your servant, said by the Holy Spirit,â€Å"‘Why did the Gentiles rage,†¨and the peoples plot in vain?26 The kings of the earth set themselves,†¨and the rulersRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 PagesVersion. Copyright  © 1973, 1978, 1984, International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers. Bible texts credited to RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright  © 1946, 1952, 1971, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. Used by permission. Texts credited to RV are from The Holy Bible, Revised Version, Oxfor d University Press, 1911. Printed in U.S.A. 09 08 07 06 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-8280-1947-9Read MoreEssay on Fundamentalism and Inerrancy of Scripture5400 Words   |  22 PagesBaptists and Presbyterians ) sought to keep their power when they had it or to regain it if they had lost it. They fought mostly about the teaching of theology and the locations for sending out missions. In 1919, a global association, the Worlds Christian Fundamentals Association, became the common mouthpiece for all churches concerned. In July 1920, a Baptist journalist, Curtis Lee Laws, editor-in-chief of Baptist Watchman-Examiner, appealed to all those who thought like him to call themselves fundamentalistsRead MoreComparitive Religion : Hinduism and Christianity4696 Words   |  19 PagesBottom of Form Comparing Christian and Hindu understandings of Salvation Heather Brooke Comparing Christian and Hindu understandings of Salvation. In our evangelism, is it possible to bridge the gulf? Heather Brooke -------------------------------------------------- Heather Brooke. Currently enrolled in the Graduate Diploma of Mission Studies, Tabor College. Heather Brooke is a wife, mother and teacher who is currently studying at Tabor College, Melbourne working on her Graduate DiplomaRead MoreComparitive Religion : Hinduism and Christianity4682 Words   |  19 PagesBottom of Form Comparing Christian and Hindu understandings of Salvation Heather Brooke Comparing Christian and Hindu understandings of Salvation. In our evangelism, is it possible to bridge the gulf? Heather Brooke -------------------------------------------------- Heather Brooke. Currently enrolled in the Graduate Diploma of Mission Studies, Tabor College. Heather Brooke is a wife, mother and teacher who is currently studying at Tabor College, Melbourne working on her Graduate Diploma in Mission

The Concert Is Berliozs Symphonie Fantastique - 1521 Words

The concert is Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique, performed by The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Stà ©phane Denà ¨ve, recorded in high definition at Orchestra Hall in December 2013. Symphonie Fantastique composed in 1845, by Hector Berlioz (1803–1869), is a program symphony; a five movement orchestral work that tells the story described by the CSO (2013) â€Å"as a purely musical melodrama†, a colorful illustration of the life of an artist, â€Å"replete with unrequited love, witches, guillotines and colorful, opium-induced hallucinations†. Its composer, Hector Berlioz at the age of twenty-seven wrote â€Å"Symphonie Fantastique both to explore German Romanticism and to give his hometown of Paris a symphony of its own; something not yet native to this city of operas and ballets† (CSO, 2013). Berlioz’s symphonic back ground in the operatic overture alludes to his program notes presented â€Å"as the spoken text of an opera† . The memorable dramatic flair of Symphonie Fantastique is understood to be one of the most well-known pieces of program music in his repertoire and is suggested that the story is a self-portrait of its composer, Hector Berlioz. Innovative the time, Berlioz devised a program to be given out to audience members at the performances stating it is â€Å"indispensable for a complete understanding of the dramatic outline of the work.† Berlioz’s outlines the story in the preface of the program for his Symphonie Fantastique (1830): A young musician of morbid sensitivity andShow MoreRelatedThe Music Of The Concert914 Words   |  4 Pagesthe program that was handed out to find out basic information about the concert. The history of the pieces helped in understanding them. The concert featured many well-known works of famous composers such as Camille Saint-Saens, Modest Mussorgsky, and Berlioz. The three pieces that are the most memorable in my mind are â€Å"Overture to La Cenerentola†, â€Å"Là   ci darem la mano†, and â€Å"March to the Scaffold† from Symphonie Fantastique. Beginning with the first piece called â€Å"Overture to La Cenerentola† composedRead MoreI Attended Western Kentucky University s Symphony Concert885 Words   |  4 PagesI attended Western Kentucky University s symphony concert. It was on Friday, October 30th at 7:30pm. It was held in Van Meter Hall. Their event was named â€Å"It s time for a treat.† The symphony was conducted by Dr. Brain St. John. Before it began, I read over the program that was handed out to find out basic information. The history of the pieces helped in understanding them. The concert featured many well-known works by famous composers such as Camille Saint-Saens, Modest Mussorgsky, and BerliozRead MoreThe Symphony Of The Key Of Change3582 Words   |  15 Pagesdouble with the strings to play the melody. This practice, in turn, made it so that there was great balance and clarity within pieces of the Classical era, though little diversity among the different instruments (â€Å"History of Classi cal Music†). As concert halls grew larger and classical music became more democratic, music began to change. These facts, coupled with the growing improvements in the manufacture of wind and brass instruments, pushed composers like Beethoven to focus on making music thatRead MoreEssay about The Ideals Of Instrumental Music840 Words   |  4 Pagesdetailed drama that constitutes the story of Berliozs Symphonie fantastique (1830). Because his imagination always seemed to run in parallel literary and musical channels, Berlioz once subtitled his work quot;Episode in the life of an artistquot;, and provided a program for it which was in effect a piece of Romantic autobiography. In later years, he conceded that if necessary, when the symphony was performed by itself in concert, the program would need not be given out for theRead MoreLes Nuits DEte2052 Words   |  9 PagesAmy Shuford 5 April 2011 Music History II Research Paper – Les Nuits d’Ete Dr. Christina Reitz An Analysis of Hector Berlioz’s Les Nuits d’Ete Born in 1803, in the village of La Cà ´te-Saint-Andrà ©, France, Hector Berlioz produced some of the most invigorating and exciting music of the Romantic period (Holoman, 1, 6). Romanticism primarily focused on subjectivism, therefore people were concentrating more on their emotions and spirituality and less on logical explanations for the problems of humanityRead MoreFranz Liszt was a Great Romantic Composer4170 Words   |  17 Pagesvirtuoso career was over (De Portales 111-112). Another reason he made the choice was that in 1847 Liszt once again fell in love upon meeting a princess, named Carolyne Sayn- Wittgenstein, in Kiev. She gave him a large sum of money after a charity concert and he deeply desired to meet her to thank her (De Pourtales 117). They met and fell in love. In 1848, after knowing each other for a couple of months they went back to Weimar together, even though she was married to another man (De Pourtales 121-122)

Anomaly free essay sample

Its a family tradition to go to dinner at my grandmothers house for all major holidays. After the meal ends, the youngest children retreat to the basement to play game cube, while the remainder of my family withdraws to the living room. For several years, I would remain at the empty dinner table, reading whatever book had caught my interest. Ill never forget the day that this all changed. My aunt came into the dinning room, sat across from me and proceeded to share some loving words. Staring at me intently, she said, Shut that book and talk to me before I hit you with this fork! My aunt might as well have held my head underwater and told me to take a deep breath. Much to the despair of my garrulous family, not once have I felt the need to question my quiet disposition. Ive been content to remain the attentive listener, saying nothing, but hearing everything. We will write a custom essay sample on Anomaly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With this contentment came the wonderful, incessant, and false accusations that I was antisocial. To which I responded with a silent smile. There was a time when I foolishly believed that my family would accept my preference for muteness; however, they seem to believe that I truly desire continuous harassment to encourage me to speak. In my opinion, Im the only one who has adapted well to the familial talkativeness. What would be the point of all these voices if there werent someone to shut up and listen? My silence isnt the only thing my family finds perplexing. Im the odd one who screamed NO! at 1am, because an anime character was horrifically killed. Tits just a cartoon, my sister had insisted. After which, a pillow managed to fly and hit her on the head, in hopes that some sense would be knocked in to it. Im also the strange one who suffered separation anxiety when my beloved computer, Steve, was shipped off to Dell for repairs. Im the weird one who transitions to a nocturnal b iorhythm during the summer, so I can listen to music, read, and write without the presence of my dear siblings, who seem to think that if I want to be alone they should come near me and make as much noise as possible. My family doesnt completely misunderstand all of my oddities. Theyre well aware that my happy place is sitting in one of the black comfy chairs within Borders, specifically one that is outside of the manga/comic/graphic novel aisles. Ive realized that reading a book of any greater length would make it extremely difficult for my parents to pry me from the chair. Fortunately, complete understanding is not needed, and as they learn to accept my eccentricities, I have hope that one day I will be able to remain silent without being threatened with eating utensils.

Role of Education in Women Empowerment with Special Reference to the Economy of Assam Essay Example

Role of Education in Women Empowerment with Special Reference to the Economy of Assam Essay Women’s contribution to the economy of Assam cannot be ignored. From household activities to economic activities out of the household have been performed successfully by the women of Assam. Women constitute almost half of the population in the state; though a large womenfolk of state are still illiterate, the weak, backward and exploited.Thus, the term Women empowerment comes into existance. If we plan for a economically developed country, we must think for the better status of women. This is possible only through the attainment of the higher level of literacy as well as education for women. It has been already proved that educated women can play a very important role in the economic development of the country. Women education promote women empowerment, which in turn leads to the economic empowerment of women themselves as well as the society as a whole with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence.Now, It is high time to devote more attention on the women education in our st ate to realise the women’s contributions at large to the economy of the state . KEYWORDS: Women Education, Women Empowerment, Economic Development. Introduction – ‘Economy of Assam can be described as underdevelopment one. ’ This is because of its intact poverty, underutilised manpower untapped natural resources. 1 The researchers and authors have never given importance of the contribution of women in the economy of Assam.Whereas, women’s contribution to the economy of Assam cannot be ignored. From household activities to economic activities out of the household have been performed successfully by the women of Assam. Despite they are almost fifty in hundred and bearing all the positive aspects, it is a matter of fact that women in this world are living with an insignificant status, both in the family and society. Out of all poverty-stricken people living in this world, 70 percent are women.For those women, poverty does not just mean scarcity and wan t; it means rights denied, opportunities curtailed and voices silenced. If we consider the some facts, we find women work two-thirds of the world’s working, whereas women (i) earn only 10 percent of the world’s income, (ii) own less than 1 percent of the world’s property, (iii) make up two-thirds of the total adults worldwide who cannot read or write. 2 All these hold good in case of Assam economy also. This is the background, the world community thought over the entity of empowerment of women, its need and significance.Empowerment recognizes the inner power of individuals; our understanding of women empowerment reminds us that change- improvement in the physical, economic, political or social well-being of women. Question arises what is the mosly cited factor responsible for bringing about the women empowerment. It is education, which is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate f ully in the development process. Education is important for everyone, but it is especially significant for girls and women.This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportunities, but also because the educational achievements of women can have ripple effects within the family and across generations. It is not possible for an economy to be developed, without giving due importance on women (which constitute the half of total) and their activities. The empowered women only are shared with that status. In the similar way, this is possible only with women education, both with quality as well as quantity. Objectives – 1.To see the status and trend of women empowerment in the study area in terms of various indicators. 2. To see the contribution of women in the economy of Assam and to see how empowerment of women is helpful for the development of an economy. 3. To see the role of women education in the realisation of women empowerment and thereby growth of th e economy. 4. To overcome the constraints faced by the women in the study area and to forward some meaningful inferences and suggestions on the findings of the study. Key Questions – Assam economy has a great contribution of women folk.The amount of contribution can be enhanced considerably by getting the empowered women; which is finally realised only by creating environment for qualitative as well as quantitative women education. Data source and Methodology- The Study Area- Assam, a constituent State of India, is located in North Eastern part of the country and situated within the longitude 90o E to 96o E and latitude 24o N to 28o N. The area of the state is 78,438 sq. kms. The economy of Assam is mainly agrarian in nature. The population of the state is Total 31. 7 million according to 2011 census of which 1,52,14,345 are female. As regards sex ratio, it is 954 females per 1000 males as per report of 2011 census. Basic data on the position of women in the state vis-a-vis m en reveals that there is a glaring inequality between them. Methodology – The study is basically analytical and descriptive. Moreover, it is prepared mostly with secondary data, also depending on observation. The techniques of synthesis have been applied to analyze the data and as such, the findings and suggestions have been sorted out. Results and Discussion-Women in Economy There is an important co-relation between women and economy in the context of Assam economy. The activities for women in soil conservation, social forestry, dairy development and other occupations allied to agriculture like horticulture, livestock including small animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries etc are being expanded to benefit women workers in the agriculture sector. Economic Development may be rgarded as a woman’s path to self-mastery. Women get the opportunity to gain social, political and economic skills, which opens a greater field of action.Women who received credit and who sustained s ocial, political and business-development training for more than three years displayed greater independence, increased household decision-making, more control of resources, and more equality within the home. Education The female literacy level among the women in Assam have been growing up in the podt- independence era. Table: 1 Female Literacy at a glance in Assam Particulars Unit 2001 Census 2011 Census (P) LiteracyTotalPer cent 63. 2573. 18 a) MalePer cent 71. 8 78. 81 b) Female Per cent 54. 61 67. 27 Source: Gov of Assam, Economic Survey, Assam, 2010-11 The table shows that the female literacy inceased to 67. 27 per cent in the 2011 census, which was 54. 61 per cent in 2001 census. For a state, 12. 66 percent increment in a decade is not said to be a less amount. But there is a lot of works to be done by the policymakers of the state. Although during 1991-2001, annual average growth rate of female literacy (1. 3 per cent) was more than that of male literacy rate (0. 997 per cen t). Women Empowerment -Empowerment recognizes the inner power of individuals; women empowerment reminds us that change- improvement in the physical, economic, political or social well-being of women. When poor or weak women become actors for change, able to analyze their own lives, make awareness, skills, knowledge, confidence and experience and structures their own decisions and take their own actions. Many scholars have provided suitable definitions of women empowerment. â€Å"Empowerment is the process by which the powerless gain greater control over the circumstances of their lives.It includes both controls over resources and over ideology †¦. a growing intrinsic capability- greater self confidence, and an inner transformation of one’s consciousness that enables one to overcome external barriers †¦. 3 Women Education leads Women Empowerment We have already discussed that education acts as the best tool to be helpful in women in difficult circumstances. Adding value of education to their lives, the disadvantaged groups, women in extreme poverty, destitute women, omen in conflict situations, women affected by natural calamities, women in less developed regions, the disabled widows, elderly women, single women in difficult circumstances, women heading households, those displaced from employment, migrants, women who are victims of marital violence, deserted women and prostitutes etc can have their solution to be free extensively from the constrains faced by them. It is known to all that female education has a long-term effects. Educated women have fewer, healthier children, and they have them when they are older.The result is children who are more successful in school, largely because they benefit from their mothers’ education. Educating girls and integrating them into the labor force is one way to break an intergenerational cycle of poverty. In contrast to all odds, education is the most important means of empowering women with the k nowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. Education is important for everyone, but it is especially significant for girls and women.This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportunities, but also because the educational achievements of women can have ripple effects within the family and across generations. Investing in girls education is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty. Investments in higher education for girls yields especially high dividends. Girls who have been educated are likely to marry later and to have smaller and healthier families. Educated women can recognize the importance of health care and know how to seek it for themselves and their children.Education helps girls and women to know their rights and to gain confidence to claim them. Education has far-reaching effects. The education of parents is linked to their childrens educational attainment, and the mothers education is usually more influential than the fathers. An educated mothers greater influence in household negotiations may allow her to secure more resources for her children. Educated mothers are more likely to be in the labour force, allowing them to pay some of the costs of schooling, and may be more aware of returns to schooling.And educated mothers, averaging fewer children, can concentrate more attention on each child. Closing the gender gap in education is a development priority. The 1994 Cairo Consensus recognized education, especially for women, as a force for social and economic development. Universal completion of primary education was set as a 20-year goal, as was wider access to secondary and higher education among girls and women. Closing the gender gap in education by 2015 is also one of the benchmarks for the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). 4 Present Status -The status of women and their empowerment in terms of various indicators such as access to education, employment, hous ehold decision making power, financial autonomy, freedom of movement, exposure to media, political participation, experience of domestic violence etc can not be daid to be satisfactory in the state of Assam. We have miles to go for having positive indicators, like, decision making, poverty eradication, micro credit, education, health, nutrition, drinking water and sanitation, housing and shelter, environment, science and technology, support services, violence against women, rights of the girl child, mass media.The female work participation rate in Assam which was 4. 66 per cent in 1971 increased to 21. 61 per cent in 1991 and declined to 20. 71 per cent in 20016 The Girls’ Educational Index (GEI) in early 80s was 0. 499 in Assam (G. O. I. , 2002). During 1990s the GEI for India was increased to 0. 575 in Assam. Assam was ranked in 29th position among 32 States and Union Territories according to GEI measure and was ranked below Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland (Assam H uman Development Report, 2003). In Assam women may be visible at public places and institutions, as there is freedom of movement, but her visibility does not give her power, she is very unlikely to be a member in the decision making bodies of these institutions. Data on managerial bodies of schools and colleges, public institutions, religious institutions reveal the invisibility of women in power. Key Findings The female literacy level among the women in Assam have been growing up in the podt- independence era. The female literacy inceased to 67. 27 per cent in the 2011 census, which was 54. 61 per cent in 2001 census.For a state, 12. 66 percent increment in a decade is not said to be a less amount. But there is a lot of works to be done by the policymakers of the state. Occupational structure of women of Assam reflects that a major part of the total women are engaged in agriculture sector and generated a considerable amount of income for their livelihood. In these days, the young generation are showing tendency in service and business sector , which is an indicators of the movement of the society towards development. Women engaged in service are not satisfactory but there is tremendous improvement.Like service sector an identical picture is also seen in case of business sector. A substantial amount of educated young women are attracted towards different types of business activities, small scale and cottage industries based on locally available natural resources, shopkeeper etc. Various types of income sources are adopted by the women in tribal communities of Assam, such as, agriculture, weaving, poultry, piggery business, service, traditional industries and wage labour. Among these activities traditional industries like handicraft, weaving, preparation of traditional wine, piggery and poultry are mentionworthy.Women of Assam enjoy somewhat a disadvantageous position both in absolute sense and relative to men in the area of access to education, employment,exp osure to media, household decision making capacity, workforce participation rate, control over resources etc. Micro-finance – including micro-credits – is often considered as an instrument that promotes empowerment. Whilst it can stabilise livelihoods, broaden choices, provide start-up funds for productive investment, help poor people to smooth consumption flows and send children to school, it can also lead to indebtedness and increased exclusion unless programmes are well-designed.Suggestions – It is stablished fact that education is the key role player for empowerment of women, which is, in turn, responsible for economic development as a whole. So, for creating the goal an empowered women for economic development, the following strategies need to be taken into action by the Govt. in partnership with NGO and Community— 1. Creating community demand for girls education not only elementary level but also all the level of education. 2. The Technical and Voca tional education should be made available for girls. 3.Nos of such school need to extent up to all village of the community. 4. The adult education programme in rural area is essential. 5. Efforts should made to solve the drop out problem of girls education in rural area 6. Participation of women in the high income generating activities like fashion designing, tailoring, food processing beautician, need to increase. For which following means should be adopted: a. Training facilities should be there in rural area through which the women of the community will get better chance to be specialized in this field. b.Knowledge and information on Global changing business environment like marketing in formation, the change of test, habit, preference of the consumer should be provided regularly through government and Non-government efforts like NGO, SHGs, Mahila Sangathan. c. Gender and poverty sensation programme should be developed to create an environment where by all will work together to remove all the disparities physical, social and economic. Conclusion – Achieving women’s economic empowerment is not a â€Å"quick fix†. It will take sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment from all development actors.Providing supplementary services – such as training, working through groups rather than individuals, or alongside other investments in awareness raising – has been shown to increase women’s direct control over resources. 5 In the United Nation’s 2005 report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, writes: â€Å"The full participation of women to all levels of decision-making is a basic human right. † The central argument is that women play a fundamental role in development.Accordingly, in the same report, Kofi Annan argues that gender equality is in fact a â€Å"prerequisite† to achieving the other MDGs. 6 Former World B ank President, James Wolfensohn, addressing the Fourth UN Conference on Women, said: Education for girls has a catalytic effect on every dimension of development: lower child and maternal mortality rates; increased educational attainment by daughters and sons; higher productivity; and improved environmental management. Together, these can mean faster economic growth and, equally important, wider distribution of the fruits of growth in economy.More education for girls will also enable more and more women to attain leadership positions at all levels of society: from health clinics in the villages to parliaments in the capitals. This, in turn, will change the way societies will deal with problems and raise the quality of global decision-making. 6 References – 1. Dhar, P. K. , ‘The Economy of Assam- Including Economy of North East India’,( 2009), Kalyani Publishers, Guwahati 2. Islam, N. , ‘Economic Empowerment of Women in the District of Goalpara: A Case Study with Special Reference to Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana’, National Seminar Volume, (Ed. ) Kshyap, S. K. Goswami, N. and Dutta, A. , ‘Economic Empowerment of Women in the North East Region: Issues and Challenges’, Barbhag College, Kalag, Nalbari (Assam) September, 2012 (ISBN 978-81-910818-3-7) 3. Mahanta, B. (Supervisor: Prof. P. Nayak),‘Women Empowerment in Assam: A Human development Approach’(M. Phil Synopsis), Department of Economics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong (2008). 4. Assam Human Development Report, 2003 and Govt. of Assam). 5. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2011), The state of food and agriculture, 2010-2011: women in agriculture, closing the gender gap for development, FAO, Rome. . Duflo, E. , â€Å"Women Empowerment and Economic Development’’, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Journal of Economic Literature 2012, 50(4), 1051–1079, http://dx. doi. org/10. 1257/jel. 50. 4. 1051 ++++++ From: Name: NAZRUL ISLAM Designation: Asstt. Professor ; HoD, Economics. Sex: Male Name of the Institution: Dalgoma Anchalik College, Matia, Goalpara -783125. Address for Correspondance: Nayapara, Krishnai, Goalpara -783126. Email ID: nazrul. [emailprotected] com Participation: With Paper Title of the paper: Role of Education in Women Empowerment with special reference to the Economy of Assam. Date: Signature Role of Education in Women Empowerment with Special Reference to the Economy of Assam Essay Example Role of Education in Women Empowerment with Special Reference to the Economy of Assam Essay Women’s contribution to the economy of Assam cannot be ignored. From household activities to economic activities out of the household have been performed successfully by the women of Assam. Women constitute almost half of the population in the state; though a large womenfolk of state are still illiterate, the weak, backward and exploited.Thus, the term Women empowerment comes into existance. If we plan for a economically developed country, we must think for the better status of women. This is possible only through the attainment of the higher level of literacy as well as education for women. It has been already proved that educated women can play a very important role in the economic development of the country. Women education promote women empowerment, which in turn leads to the economic empowerment of women themselves as well as the society as a whole with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence.Now, It is high time to devote more attention on the women education in our st ate to realise the women’s contributions at large to the economy of the state . KEYWORDS: Women Education, Women Empowerment, Economic Development. Introduction – ‘Economy of Assam can be described as underdevelopment one. ’ This is because of its intact poverty, underutilised manpower untapped natural resources. 1 The researchers and authors have never given importance of the contribution of women in the economy of Assam.Whereas, women’s contribution to the economy of Assam cannot be ignored. From household activities to economic activities out of the household have been performed successfully by the women of Assam. Despite they are almost fifty in hundred and bearing all the positive aspects, it is a matter of fact that women in this world are living with an insignificant status, both in the family and society. Out of all poverty-stricken people living in this world, 70 percent are women.For those women, poverty does not just mean scarcity and wan t; it means rights denied, opportunities curtailed and voices silenced. If we consider the some facts, we find women work two-thirds of the world’s working, whereas women (i) earn only 10 percent of the world’s income, (ii) own less than 1 percent of the world’s property, (iii) make up two-thirds of the total adults worldwide who cannot read or write. 2 All these hold good in case of Assam economy also. This is the background, the world community thought over the entity of empowerment of women, its need and significance.Empowerment recognizes the inner power of individuals; our understanding of women empowerment reminds us that change- improvement in the physical, economic, political or social well-being of women. Question arises what is the mosly cited factor responsible for bringing about the women empowerment. It is education, which is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate f ully in the development process. Education is important for everyone, but it is especially significant for girls and women.This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportunities, but also because the educational achievements of women can have ripple effects within the family and across generations. It is not possible for an economy to be developed, without giving due importance on women (which constitute the half of total) and their activities. The empowered women only are shared with that status. In the similar way, this is possible only with women education, both with quality as well as quantity. Objectives – 1.To see the status and trend of women empowerment in the study area in terms of various indicators. 2. To see the contribution of women in the economy of Assam and to see how empowerment of women is helpful for the development of an economy. 3. To see the role of women education in the realisation of women empowerment and thereby growth of th e economy. 4. To overcome the constraints faced by the women in the study area and to forward some meaningful inferences and suggestions on the findings of the study. Key Questions – Assam economy has a great contribution of women folk.The amount of contribution can be enhanced considerably by getting the empowered women; which is finally realised only by creating environment for qualitative as well as quantitative women education. Data source and Methodology- The Study Area- Assam, a constituent State of India, is located in North Eastern part of the country and situated within the longitude 90o E to 96o E and latitude 24o N to 28o N. The area of the state is 78,438 sq. kms. The economy of Assam is mainly agrarian in nature. The population of the state is Total 31. 7 million according to 2011 census of which 1,52,14,345 are female. As regards sex ratio, it is 954 females per 1000 males as per report of 2011 census. Basic data on the position of women in the state vis-a-vis m en reveals that there is a glaring inequality between them. Methodology – The study is basically analytical and descriptive. Moreover, it is prepared mostly with secondary data, also depending on observation. The techniques of synthesis have been applied to analyze the data and as such, the findings and suggestions have been sorted out. Results and Discussion-Women in Economy There is an important co-relation between women and economy in the context of Assam economy. The activities for women in soil conservation, social forestry, dairy development and other occupations allied to agriculture like horticulture, livestock including small animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries etc are being expanded to benefit women workers in the agriculture sector. Economic Development may be rgarded as a woman’s path to self-mastery. Women get the opportunity to gain social, political and economic skills, which opens a greater field of action.Women who received credit and who sustained s ocial, political and business-development training for more than three years displayed greater independence, increased household decision-making, more control of resources, and more equality within the home. Education The female literacy level among the women in Assam have been growing up in the podt- independence era. Table: 1 Female Literacy at a glance in Assam Particulars Unit 2001 Census 2011 Census (P) LiteracyTotalPer cent 63. 2573. 18 a) MalePer cent 71. 8 78. 81 b) Female Per cent 54. 61 67. 27 Source: Gov of Assam, Economic Survey, Assam, 2010-11 The table shows that the female literacy inceased to 67. 27 per cent in the 2011 census, which was 54. 61 per cent in 2001 census. For a state, 12. 66 percent increment in a decade is not said to be a less amount. But there is a lot of works to be done by the policymakers of the state. Although during 1991-2001, annual average growth rate of female literacy (1. 3 per cent) was more than that of male literacy rate (0. 997 per cen t). Women Empowerment -Empowerment recognizes the inner power of individuals; women empowerment reminds us that change- improvement in the physical, economic, political or social well-being of women. When poor or weak women become actors for change, able to analyze their own lives, make awareness, skills, knowledge, confidence and experience and structures their own decisions and take their own actions. Many scholars have provided suitable definitions of women empowerment. â€Å"Empowerment is the process by which the powerless gain greater control over the circumstances of their lives.It includes both controls over resources and over ideology †¦. a growing intrinsic capability- greater self confidence, and an inner transformation of one’s consciousness that enables one to overcome external barriers †¦. 3 Women Education leads Women Empowerment We have already discussed that education acts as the best tool to be helpful in women in difficult circumstances. Adding value of education to their lives, the disadvantaged groups, women in extreme poverty, destitute women, omen in conflict situations, women affected by natural calamities, women in less developed regions, the disabled widows, elderly women, single women in difficult circumstances, women heading households, those displaced from employment, migrants, women who are victims of marital violence, deserted women and prostitutes etc can have their solution to be free extensively from the constrains faced by them. It is known to all that female education has a long-term effects. Educated women have fewer, healthier children, and they have them when they are older.The result is children who are more successful in school, largely because they benefit from their mothers’ education. Educating girls and integrating them into the labor force is one way to break an intergenerational cycle of poverty. In contrast to all odds, education is the most important means of empowering women with the k nowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. Education is important for everyone, but it is especially significant for girls and women.This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportunities, but also because the educational achievements of women can have ripple effects within the family and across generations. Investing in girls education is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty. Investments in higher education for girls yields especially high dividends. Girls who have been educated are likely to marry later and to have smaller and healthier families. Educated women can recognize the importance of health care and know how to seek it for themselves and their children.Education helps girls and women to know their rights and to gain confidence to claim them. Education has far-reaching effects. The education of parents is linked to their childrens educational attainment, and the mothers education is usually more influential than the fathers. An educated mothers greater influence in household negotiations may allow her to secure more resources for her children. Educated mothers are more likely to be in the labour force, allowing them to pay some of the costs of schooling, and may be more aware of returns to schooling.And educated mothers, averaging fewer children, can concentrate more attention on each child. Closing the gender gap in education is a development priority. The 1994 Cairo Consensus recognized education, especially for women, as a force for social and economic development. Universal completion of primary education was set as a 20-year goal, as was wider access to secondary and higher education among girls and women. Closing the gender gap in education by 2015 is also one of the benchmarks for the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). 4 Present Status -The status of women and their empowerment in terms of various indicators such as access to education, employment, hous ehold decision making power, financial autonomy, freedom of movement, exposure to media, political participation, experience of domestic violence etc can not be daid to be satisfactory in the state of Assam. We have miles to go for having positive indicators, like, decision making, poverty eradication, micro credit, education, health, nutrition, drinking water and sanitation, housing and shelter, environment, science and technology, support services, violence against women, rights of the girl child, mass media.The female work participation rate in Assam which was 4. 66 per cent in 1971 increased to 21. 61 per cent in 1991 and declined to 20. 71 per cent in 20016 The Girls’ Educational Index (GEI) in early 80s was 0. 499 in Assam (G. O. I. , 2002). During 1990s the GEI for India was increased to 0. 575 in Assam. Assam was ranked in 29th position among 32 States and Union Territories according to GEI measure and was ranked below Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland (Assam H uman Development Report, 2003). In Assam women may be visible at public places and institutions, as there is freedom of movement, but her visibility does not give her power, she is very unlikely to be a member in the decision making bodies of these institutions. Data on managerial bodies of schools and colleges, public institutions, religious institutions reveal the invisibility of women in power. Key Findings The female literacy level among the women in Assam have been growing up in the podt- independence era. The female literacy inceased to 67. 27 per cent in the 2011 census, which was 54. 61 per cent in 2001 census.For a state, 12. 66 percent increment in a decade is not said to be a less amount. But there is a lot of works to be done by the policymakers of the state. Occupational structure of women of Assam reflects that a major part of the total women are engaged in agriculture sector and generated a considerable amount of income for their livelihood. In these days, the young generation are showing tendency in service and business sector , which is an indicators of the movement of the society towards development. Women engaged in service are not satisfactory but there is tremendous improvement.Like service sector an identical picture is also seen in case of business sector. A substantial amount of educated young women are attracted towards different types of business activities, small scale and cottage industries based on locally available natural resources, shopkeeper etc. Various types of income sources are adopted by the women in tribal communities of Assam, such as, agriculture, weaving, poultry, piggery business, service, traditional industries and wage labour. Among these activities traditional industries like handicraft, weaving, preparation of traditional wine, piggery and poultry are mentionworthy.Women of Assam enjoy somewhat a disadvantageous position both in absolute sense and relative to men in the area of access to education, employment,exp osure to media, household decision making capacity, workforce participation rate, control over resources etc. Micro-finance – including micro-credits – is often considered as an instrument that promotes empowerment. Whilst it can stabilise livelihoods, broaden choices, provide start-up funds for productive investment, help poor people to smooth consumption flows and send children to school, it can also lead to indebtedness and increased exclusion unless programmes are well-designed.Suggestions – It is stablished fact that education is the key role player for empowerment of women, which is, in turn, responsible for economic development as a whole. So, for creating the goal an empowered women for economic development, the following strategies need to be taken into action by the Govt. in partnership with NGO and Community— 1. Creating community demand for girls education not only elementary level but also all the level of education. 2. The Technical and Voca tional education should be made available for girls. 3.Nos of such school need to extent up to all village of the community. 4. The adult education programme in rural area is essential. 5. Efforts should made to solve the drop out problem of girls education in rural area 6. Participation of women in the high income generating activities like fashion designing, tailoring, food processing beautician, need to increase. For which following means should be adopted: a. Training facilities should be there in rural area through which the women of the community will get better chance to be specialized in this field. b.Knowledge and information on Global changing business environment like marketing in formation, the change of test, habit, preference of the consumer should be provided regularly through government and Non-government efforts like NGO, SHGs, Mahila Sangathan. c. Gender and poverty sensation programme should be developed to create an environment where by all will work together to remove all the disparities physical, social and economic. Conclusion – Achieving women’s economic empowerment is not a â€Å"quick fix†. It will take sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment from all development actors.Providing supplementary services – such as training, working through groups rather than individuals, or alongside other investments in awareness raising – has been shown to increase women’s direct control over resources. 5 In the United Nation’s 2005 report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, writes: â€Å"The full participation of women to all levels of decision-making is a basic human right. † The central argument is that women play a fundamental role in development.Accordingly, in the same report, Kofi Annan argues that gender equality is in fact a â€Å"prerequisite† to achieving the other MDGs. 6 Former World B ank President, James Wolfensohn, addressing the Fourth UN Conference on Women, said: Education for girls has a catalytic effect on every dimension of development: lower child and maternal mortality rates; increased educational attainment by daughters and sons; higher productivity; and improved environmental management. Together, these can mean faster economic growth and, equally important, wider distribution of the fruits of growth in economy.More education for girls will also enable more and more women to attain leadership positions at all levels of society: from health clinics in the villages to parliaments in the capitals. This, in turn, will change the way societies will deal with problems and raise the quality of global decision-making. 6 References – 1. Dhar, P. K. , ‘The Economy of Assam- Including Economy of North East India’,( 2009), Kalyani Publishers, Guwahati 2. Islam, N. , ‘Economic Empowerment of Women in the District of Goalpara: A Case Study with Special Reference to Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana’, National Seminar Volume, (Ed. ) Kshyap, S. K. Goswami, N. and Dutta, A. , ‘Economic Empowerment of Women in the North East Region: Issues and Challenges’, Barbhag College, Kalag, Nalbari (Assam) September, 2012 (ISBN 978-81-910818-3-7) 3. Mahanta, B. (Supervisor: Prof. P. Nayak),‘Women Empowerment in Assam: A Human development Approach’(M. Phil Synopsis), Department of Economics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong (2008). 4. Assam Human Development Report, 2003 and Govt. of Assam). 5. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2011), The state of food and agriculture, 2010-2011: women in agriculture, closing the gender gap for development, FAO, Rome. . Duflo, E. , â€Å"Women Empowerment and Economic Development’’, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Journal of Economic Literature 2012, 50(4), 1051–1079, http://dx. doi. org/10. 1257/jel. 50. 4. 1051 ++++++ From: Name: NAZRUL ISLAM Designation: Asstt. Professor ; HoD, Economics. Sex: Male Name of the Institution: Dalgoma Anchalik College, Matia, Goalpara -783125. Address for Correspondance: Nayapara, Krishnai, Goalpara -783126. Email ID: nazrul. [emailprotected] com Participation: With Paper Title of the paper: Role of Education in Women Empowerment with special reference to the Economy of Assam. Date: Signature